scholarly journals Agrophysical and agrochemical properties of dark grey forest soils under different systems of basic tillage

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
N. V. Perfilyev ◽  
O. A. Vyushina
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Nutrient Regime ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
Bare Fallow

The effect of long-term use of different systems of basic tillage of dark grey forest soils on the agrophysical properties, nutrient regime and yield of grain crops in grain-fallow crop rotations was determined. The study was carried out in the conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals in a stationary experiment in 1996-2018. The traditional moldboard and resource-saving systems of basic tillage were studied. The experiment took place during the third-sixth rotations of two grain-fallow crop rotations spread in time and space: bare fallow - winter rye - spring wheat - spring vetch - spring barley; bare fallow - winter rye - spring wheat - spring wheat - spring barley. When cultivating a grain crop that completes a grain-fallow crop rotation, in the fourth field after the fallow with a legume forecrop (spring vetch), it is advisable to use systems of basic tillage with elements of minimization. These include non-moldboard and combined tillage with subsurface loosening by a plow with SibIME tines to a depth of 20-22 cm differentiated with stubble-mulch at 12-14 cm and disk harrowing at 10-12 cm. The studied tillage systems ensured the conditions of the water regime, soil composition and nutritional regime close to the moldboard tillage system. The yield of barley almost equal to the moldboard system was formed: against the background of natural land fertility - 2.97-3.03 t/ha, with the use of N40P40P40 - 3.47-3.65 t/ha. Application of tillage systems with minimization elements in a grain-fallow crop rotation without planting a leguminous crop with a given crop for a repeated grain crop (wheat) led to the following results. Productive moisture availability in the soil layer 0-1.0 m decreased by 8.6-28.0%, the nutrient regime worsened significantly, especially nitrogen (by 15.5-43.8%) and phosphorus (by 39.1-51.1%), with the negative differentiation of soil fertility, and reduction of grain yield by 0.09-0.40 t/ha.

scholarly journals Efficiency of basic tillage systems in the cultivation of barley

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
N. V. Perfilyev ◽  
O. A. Vyushina ◽  
A. N. Vlasenko
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Efficiency Coefficient ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Bare Fallow

The effectiveness of long-term use of various basic tillage systems of dark grey forest soil in the conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals was established. Their impact on the efficiency of barley cultivation depending on the grain (spring wheat) or legume forecrop (vetch for grain) was determined. The research was carried out in a stationary experiment covering moldboard, nonmoldboard, combined, differentiated, stubble-mulch and surface systems of basic soil tillage. The experiments took place during the third–sixth rotations (1996–2018) of two grain-fallow crop rotations spread in time and space. The first crop rotation was: bare fallow – winter rye – spring wheat – spring vetch – spring barley, the second crop rotation: bare fallow – winter rye – spring wheat – spring wheat – spring barley. When cultivating barley following the legume forecrop (spring vetch), it was economically feasible to use basic tillage systems with the elements of minimization. It included non-moldboard and combined tillage with subsurface loosening by a plow with SibIME tines to a depth of 20-22 cm differentiated with stubble-mulch at 12-14 cm and disk harrowing at 10- 12 cm. These methods provided conditions for the formation of productivity close to the moldboard system and practically the same yield of barley, net income and energy efficiency coefficient. Without fertilizers, the yield was 2.97-3.03 t/ha, with the use of N40P40P40 it was 3.47-3.65 t/ha. When planting barley following wheat sown twice, the most effective was moldboard tillage system with a net income of 14.67 thousand rubles/ha without fertilizers and 22.75 thousand rubles/ha with fertilizers and energy coefficient of 2.65 and 2.75. The use of resource-saving tillage methods with repeated wheat led to a decrease in the yield of barley grain by 0.09–0.40 t/ha, and a decrease in the net income of barley cultivation compared to the legume forecrop by 31.0–44.1%.

scholarly journals Efficiency of crop rotation under long-term application of basic tillage systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
N. V. Perfilyev ◽  
O. A. Vyushina
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Tillage Systems

An assessment is given of the long-term impact of basic tillage systems of various degrees of intensity on the yield and economic efficiency of production in the cultivation of cereals in grainfallow crop rotation. The study was carried out in 2017–2019 in a long-term stationary experiment on dark grey forest heavy loamy soil in Tyumen region. The experiments were carried out during the seventh rotation of the grain-fallow crop rotation: bare fallow – winter rye – spring wheat – spring wheat – spring barley, spread in time and space. In years with high temperatures and good rainfall, close to the average annual rainfall, resource-saving tillage systems with disk harrowing BDT-2.5 by 10-12 cm and stubble-mulch tillage by 12-14 cm with and without fertilizers led to a decrease in winter rye yield by 0.30-0.98 t/ha. Wheat yield against winter rye and barley was close to the variant with the moldboard tillage. There was a decrease in the yield of wheat sown repeatedly without the use of fertilizers by 0.04-0.40 t/ha. When fertilizers were used, the yield was equal to the control. The moldboard tillage without fertilizers was the most effective, with the net income of 14.92 thousand rubles/ha. Combined and surface soil tillage systems were similar in efficiency to the moldboard tillage (inferior by 4.3-6.6%). The most effective cultivation of cereals with the use of fertilizers was by minimum combined tillage with alternating plowing and disk harrowing, with the net income of 17.74 thousand rubles/ha, which was 13.4% higher compared to moldboard plowing. Differentiated, stubble-mulch and combined tillage brought the net income close to the control. In the remaining options studied, the net income was lower than with the moldboard tillage: without fertilizers – by 1.26-2.44 thousand rubles/ha (8.5-16.3%), with the use of fertilizers – by 1.02-1.78 thousand rubles/ha (6.5-9.0%).

scholarly journals Effects of Crop Rotation on Spring Wheat Yield and Pest Occurrence in Different Tillage Systems: A Multi-Year Experiment in Finnish Growing Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja Jalli ◽  
Erja Huusela ◽  
Heikki Jalli ◽  
Katja Kauppi ◽  
Mari Niemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Turnip Rape ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Wheat Leaf

Crop rotation and soil tillage are among key factors impacting cropping system productivity, pest management and soil health. To assess their role in northern cropping systems, we quantified the effects of crop rotation on spring wheat yield in different tillage systems based on a long-term (2005–2017) field experiment in southwestern Finland. In addition, effects of crop rotation on weeds, plant pathogens, and pest insects were assessed. Three types of crop rotation were compared: monoculture (spring wheat), 2-year rotation (spring wheat—turnip rape—spring wheat—barley) and 4-year rotation (spring wheat—turnip rape—barley—pea) under no-tillage and plowing. A diversified crop rotation improved spring wheat yield by up to 30% in no-tillage and by 13% under plowing compared with monoculture. Overall, the yield quantity and quality differences between crop rotations were higher in no-tillage plots than in plowed plots. The occurrence of weed species in spring wheat before herbicide control was highest in the four-year crop rotation and lowest in the wheat monoculture. For plant diseases, wheat leaf blotch disease severity, mainly caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, was lowest in the most diverse crop rotation. On average, wheat leaf blotch disease severity was 20% less when wheat was grown every fourth year compared with wheat monoculture. The effect of crop rotation on stem and root diseases became apparent after 6 years of rotation and the disease index was lowest in the most diverse crop rotation. Neither rotation nor tillage affected the control need of wheat midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana). Based on our results, diverse crop rotations including cereals, oilseed crops, and legumes increase yield and reduce plant disease severity of spring wheat in Finland, with the magnitude being larger in no-tillage systems.

scholarly journals The influence of field crop rotations on the accumulation of crop-root residues in the arable layer of sod-podzolic soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 594-601
Author(s):  
S. A. Zamyatin ◽  
A. Yu. Efimova ◽  
S. A. Maksutkin
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Field Crop ◽  
Factor B ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
Crop Root

The aim of the research is to take a comparative assessment of the amount of plowed down plant residues in various field crop rotations in the conditions of the Republic of Mari El. The study was carried out in 2013-2018 on a stationary site in a two-factor experiment. Factor A ‒ types of crop rotations and shift of crops: 1. Grain and grass crop rotation (oats + clover, clover of the 1st year of use (y.u.) for green mass, winter rye, vetch and oat mixture for grain, spring wheat, barley. 2. I fruit-changing crop rotation (vetch and oat mix for green fodder, winter rye, barley, potato, vetch and oat mixture for grain, spring wheat). 3. II fruit-changing crop rotation (vetch and oat mixture for grain, spring wheat, potato with manure (80 t/ha), barley + clover, clover of the 1st year of use for green mass, winter rye). 4. III fruit-changing crop rotation (barley + clover, clover of the 1st year of use for green mass, clover of the 2nd year of use for green mass, winter rye, potato, oats). Factor B ‒ mineral fertilizers: 1. Without fertilizers. 2. N60P60K60. In the control grain and grass crop rotation with a oneyear use of clover, 3.02±0.06 t/ha of crop-root residues were received per year on the average. In the I fruit-changing crop rotation, due to the replacement of clover with potato, residues formed 2.14±0.04 t/ha, which was significantly less than the control variant (LSD05 in factor А ‒ 0.21). In the II fruit-changing crop rotation, the accumulation of crop-root residues amounted to 2.91±0.07 t/ha. Compared to the control, it was within the limits of experimental error. The largest number of crop-root residues was accumulated in the III fruit-changing crop rotation (3.37±0.07 t/ha). The use of mineral fertilizers significantly increased the bulk of crop-root residues in all crop rotations by 0.16 t/ha per year on the average (LSD05 in factor B ‒ 0.15). Carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) in the crop-root residues of clover and potato was 18…20, in the vetch-oat mixture it was 25…31, in spring grain crops it was 39…41, and in winter rye it was 53.

scholarly journals Production efficiency of different crop rotations and tillage systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. e0907-e0907
Author(s):  
Andrzej Woźniak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Pea Seeds

Aim of study: The production efficiency of crop rotations was evaluated based on the yield of the main crop (cereal grains and pea seeds) and yield of the by-product (straw) converted per cereal units (CU), and on total protein yield. Area of study: South-eastern Poland, Europe (2017-2019). Material and methods: The first order experimental factor included crop rotations: A): peas–durum wheat–spring barley; B): spring wheat–durum wheat–spring barley +oats; and C): spring barley–durum wheat–spring wheat. The second order experimental factor included tillage systems: CT, conventional tillage, RT, reduced tillage, and NT, no-tillage. Main results: The yield of pea seeds, cereal grains, and straw per CU was higher in crop rotation A than B (127.8 CU vs. 101.1 CU). Higher CU yields were also recorded in crop rotation C than B (by 18.9 CU). The tillage system had no effect on CU yield. The total protein yield was significantly higher in crop rotation A (2110.7 kg ha-1) than in crop rotations B (by 808.8 kg ha-1) and C (by 448.0 kg ha-1). A higher protein yield was also recorded in RT than in the NT system. Research highlights: The units used for CR assessment, i.e. CU and total protein yield, enable to reliably evaluate the production yield of both CRs and tillage systems.

scholarly journals The effect of crop rotation on the soil biological activity

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
S. А. Zamyatin ◽  
R. В. Maksimova
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Biological Activity ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Second Period

The current paper has presented the results of long-term experiments on the study of the biological activity of sod-podzolic soil by the application method in field crop rotations. The experimental part of the work was carried out on the experimental plots of the Mari Research Institute of Agriculture, a branch of the FSBSI FARC of the North-East in 1996–2020. The trials were laid down in 1996 and 1998. The trial was laid down in two factors. Factor A included such types of crop rotations as grain-grasses crop rotations (oats + clover, clover of 1 year of use, winter crops, vetch-oat mixture for grain, spring wheat, barley as a control grain crop); the first rotation of crops (annual leguminous grasses, winter crops, barley, potatoes, vetch-oat mixture for grain, spring wheat); the second rotation of crops (vetch-oat mix[1]ture for grain, spring wheat, potatoes fertilized with manure (80 t/ha), barley + clover, clover of 1 year of use, winter crops); the third rotation of crops (barley + clover, clover of 1 year of use, clover of 2 years of use, winter crops, pota[1]toes, oats). Factor B included application of mineral fertilizers: control grain crop (without fertilizers); N60P60K60. There has been established that the activity of soil microflora mainly depended on the presence of organic matter in the soil. The largest activity of cellulose-destroying microorganisms against a natural background of fertility was identified in the second rotation of crops, with the introduction 23.9% of manure for potatoes in the first period (45 days) and 54.7% in the second period (90 days) of exposure. The slightest biological activity of the soil was identified in the grain-grasses crop rotation (with 83% of grain crops); it was 17.7% in the first 45 days and 43.4% in the second period of exposure. That was caused by the deficit of organic matter. The introduction of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N60P60K60 under pre-sowing tillage significantly increased the soil biological activity in comparison to the unfertilized background, and a fairly high intensity of flax decomposition was observed in the second rotation of crops with 24.9% in 45 days and 56.8% in 90 days. Correlation analysis (1998-2019) between the mean flax decomposition under crops for the entire vegetation period and the value of the hydrothermal coefficient (HThC) showed a close direct correlation, which in the first and second periods of exposure was 0.87–0.90 and 0.86–0.89, respectively.

scholarly journals Productivity of grain crop rotations in the landscape conditions of the Central Ciscaucasia

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
A. I. Khripunov ◽  
E. N. Obshchiya
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
Winter Wheat Crop

Increasing the yield of the most profitable field crops and their placement in crop rotations is an urgent problem of agriculture. The purpose of the studies is to study the productivity of grain crop rotations with various saturation of winter wheat on various power backgrounds and landscape taxons in the zone of unstable moisturizing of the Stavropol Territory. Productivity of grain crop rotations depends on the developing weather conditions, the introduction of mineral fertilizers, saturation of crop rotations with winter wheat and location in the relief. The maximum yield of grain units was observed in crop rotations with winter crops. In crop rotation with a spring barley, they were collected by 3.5–4.2 с less. The use of fertilizers increased the collection of grain units on average by 4.9–6.1 c/ha. On the outskirts of the placard (A1) due to lower soil fertility the minimum collection of grain units was obtained (20.2 с). On average (A2) and lower (A3) slopes their fee increased by 11.7 c, or 57.9%, and by 14.5 c, or 71.8%. In the first crop rotation with 60% saturation of winter wheat the maximum yield of the grain of this culture was obtained. In the second and third crop rotation with 40% grain saturation wasassembled by 6.2–6.3 c less. Putting fertilizers in a dose of N40P40K40 increased the grain collection in the first crop rotation by 4.1, in the second — by 2.2 and in the third — by2.4 c, and according to taxons: on A1 — by1.4,on A2 — by3.6 and onA3 — by 3.8 c. According to the landscape taxons, the release of grain of winter wheat differed at 7.9–10.2 c with the maximum value on the lower slope. Upon the exit of the grain and feed units on all power backgrounds, 1st and 3rd crop turns were leading, and in the exit of the grain of winter wheat — crop rotation with 3 fields of winter wheat.

scholarly journals Long-term crop rotation effects on winter and spring cereals productivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Marija Butkevičienė ◽  
Ingė Auželienė ◽  
Vaclovas Bogužas
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Productivity Indicators

A long-term field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of the VDU Agriculture Academy (formerly Aleksandras Stulginskis University), Institute of Agroecosystems crop rotation collection (equipped in 1967), during 2015–2017. The soil of the Experimental site is moderately fine textured Calc(ar)i-Endohypogleyic Luvisol. The research was carried out on winter rye (Secale cereale L.) ‘Matador’, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ‘Skagen’ and 71 spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ‘Orphelija’, which were sown in 8 different crop rotations after different preceding crops and rye monoculture. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of long-term crop rotation combinations on testing crops yield and productivity indicators. In many cases, rye productivity indicators were lower during 50-year monocropping. The best productivity indicators were obtained by growing rye in them in grass and fallow crop sequences, and for winter wheat in fallow with vetch–oat mixture for fodder and after manure application. In rye these indicators were more dependent on the precipitation amount and the amount of the sum of temperature during the period of generative organ formation. Among these indicators and the number of productive stems, a statistically strong and medium strength correlation interaction was identified: r = 0.83, P ≤ 0.01; r = 0.90, P ≤ 0.05; r = 0.58, P ≤ 0.05; r = 0.85, P ≤ 0.01; and winter weat r = 0.87, P ≤ 0.01; r = 0.89, P ≤ 0.01. The highest winter wheat productivity was established in crop rotation after perennial grasses and leguminous crops. Crop yield in monoculture decreases, but the optimal amount of mineral fertilizers saves lower but stable yields. Spring barley is less dependent on preceding crop, so it can be grown after winter cereals. However, they are more productive when sown after row crops and in crop rotations where one of the rotation members is fertilized with organic fertilizers.

scholarly journals Effect of long-term crop rotations on soil CO2 emission and earthworms

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Skinulienė ◽  
Vaclovas Bogužas ◽  
Vaida Steponavičienė ◽  
Aušra Sinkevičienė ◽  
Aušra Marcinkevičienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Soil Co2 Emission

Long-term field experiment was established in 1966 at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University, in the crop rotation collection of the Institute of Agroecosystems and Soil Science established in 1967. The soil is brown drained deeper carbonic shallow clayey (RDg8–k2) – Endocalcari-Epihypogleyic Cambisol (sicco) (CMg-p-w-can). The experiment was carried out in crops of winter wheat, rye and barley of different crop rotation in sequence of different preceding/catch crops. Crops of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) ‘Matador’, wheat ‘Skagen’ and spring barley ‘Orphelija’ were sown in 8 crop rotations in sequence of different preceding (catch) crop and rye monocrops. The research aim was to investigate the effect of long-term crop rotations on the soil CO2 emission, and on the number and mass of earthworms. After pre-crops, leaving a large amount of plant residues in the soil, the CO2 emission intensity was the highest. It was established that after harvesting of winter cereals and spring barely, the plant residue had the most significant influence on the amount of earthworms.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF FIELD CROP ROTATION IN OPTIMIZATION OF OF SOWING AREAS STRUCTURE

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Валерий Чибис ◽  
Valeriy Chibis ◽  
Светлана Чибис ◽  
Svetlana Chibis ◽  
Илья Кутышев ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Field Crop ◽  
Oil Crops

In a long-term places, located on the experimental fields of Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture (Omsk), the schemes of field crop rotations were modernized by introducing oil crops (rapeseed, soybean) into rotation and replacing the repeated wheat crops with barley and oats. Accounting of grain crops productivity and accompanying observations were carried out in three field rotations of different lengths of rotation (four- and five-field) and on permanent sowing. The repetition of the experiments is fourfold. The system of agrotechnical measures recommended for the zone of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia was applied. The study of predecessors in the cultivation of crops for various purposes was carried out in field experiments using conventional methods. The humus content for rotation in the soil layer of 0-40 cm increased by 0.19% in the crop rotation “rapeseed - wheat spring wheat - barley - soybean - spring wheat”. The largest accumulation of humus (0.83%) was in the rotation “soybean - spring wheat - barley – oats”. During the years of research wheat productivity varied from 0.82 to 2.22 tons per hectare. Wheat was the first crop in all its predecessors to form grains, on average, by 0.3-0.5 tons per hectare, than the second crop. The yield of soybeans in the crop rotation was 1.23-1.78 tons per hectare. The productivity of rapeseed was low, its productivity over the years was 1.31 tons per hectare. Grain-fodder crops (barley, oats) averaged 0.4-0.6 tons per hectare, higher than the spring wheat productivity in the alternating rotation. The maximum yield of grain from a hectare of arable land was noted in the crop-steam rotation and amounted to 1.7 tons. An increase in the yield of feed-protein units was observed in crop rotations saturated with oil crops (rapeseed and soybean) and amounted to 3.4-4.0 tons per hectare. The economic calculation showed that the cultivation of field crops in the rotational crop rotation of “soybean - wheat - barley – oats” increased profitability by 44%, net income - by half, in comparison with the control variant. The obtained materials can be used to develop schemes of field crop rotations for the zone of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia.

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