Effect of Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives and Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G. Sm.) Sacc. Infection of Winter Wheat Seedlings on Their Health Status and Soil Biological Activity

Climate change has an impact on agricultural production, including the greater persistence of plant pathogens in the environment. Therefore, the question arises as to how to effectively and safely protect plants by using chemicals, the number of which is decreasing each year. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fungistatic effect of 2 acetylthiophenethiosemicarbazone (2actpTS) and Cis-jasmonethiosemicarbazone (JTS) against Fusarium culmorum (Fc) on winter wheat seedlings. The influence of thiosemicarbazones (TSs) on the health status and phytotoxicity of seedlings and soil biological activity was investigated. Before TSs application (watering or spraying), soil was infected with F. culmorum (strain No. 37). The substance type and method of its application significantly influenced only the fresh weight of the seedlings. The varying phytotoxicity of the molecules depended primarily on their application method to the plants. The highest seedling phytotoxicity was recorded when compounds were applied during watering and the lowest when they were sprayed. The results showed that the application of substances 2actpTS and JTS, both in the form of watering and spraying, had a positive effect on plant health status, as expressed by the disease index (DI) value. The presence of the infectious agent and the type of chemical compound increased soil enzyme activity. The highest total number of bacteria was found in the soil that was infected with Fc and in soil samples where JTS was applied by watering and spraying. The highest utilization of amines, amides and amino acids by microorganisms was found in the samples where JTS was applied. The obtained results will be used to create intermediate products for the protection of cereals against Fusarium diseases, not only at the stage of germination and tillage of plants, but also at subsequent developmental stages.

Effect of fertilizer and cultivation systems and herbicide application on soil biological activity under spring barley cultivation and its yield

The results of the research devoted to the change of the biological composition of the soil under the conditions of activation of microbiological vital activity and increase in the number of earthworms in the technology of spring barley cultivation are presented. It was found that the organic system of growing crops against the background of manure, cereal straw and green manure in comparison with the organo-mineral system obtained a positive dynamics of decomposition of linen tissue and the development of earthworms in the soil.The highest grain yield was formed by agrocenosis of spring barley with the introduction of Lancelot 450 WG – 0.033 kg·ha–1 + Axial 50 EC – 1 dm3·ha–1 (tube exit phase) – 4900 kg·ha–1 and 4700 kg·ha–1 for organo-mineral and organic fertilizer systems in accordance.

The effect of crop rotation on the soil biological activity

The current paper has presented the results of long-term experiments on the study of the biological activity of sod-podzolic soil by the application method in field crop rotations. The experimental part of the work was carried out on the experimental plots of the Mari Research Institute of Agriculture, a branch of the FSBSI FARC of the North-East in 1996–2020. The trials were laid down in 1996 and 1998. The trial was laid down in two factors. Factor A included such types of crop rotations as grain-grasses crop rotations (oats + clover, clover of 1 year of use, winter crops, vetch-oat mixture for grain, spring wheat, barley as a control grain crop); the first rotation of crops (annual leguminous grasses, winter crops, barley, potatoes, vetch-oat mixture for grain, spring wheat); the second rotation of crops (vetch-oat mix[1]ture for grain, spring wheat, potatoes fertilized with manure (80 t/ha), barley + clover, clover of 1 year of use, winter crops); the third rotation of crops (barley + clover, clover of 1 year of use, clover of 2 years of use, winter crops, pota[1]toes, oats). Factor B included application of mineral fertilizers: control grain crop (without fertilizers); N60P60K60. There has been established that the activity of soil microflora mainly depended on the presence of organic matter in the soil. The largest activity of cellulose-destroying microorganisms against a natural background of fertility was identified in the second rotation of crops, with the introduction 23.9% of manure for potatoes in the first period (45 days) and 54.7% in the second period (90 days) of exposure. The slightest biological activity of the soil was identified in the grain-grasses crop rotation (with 83% of grain crops); it was 17.7% in the first 45 days and 43.4% in the second period of exposure. That was caused by the deficit of organic matter. The introduction of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N60P60K60 under pre-sowing tillage significantly increased the soil biological activity in comparison to the unfertilized background, and a fairly high intensity of flax decomposition was observed in the second rotation of crops with 24.9% in 45 days and 56.8% in 90 days. Correlation analysis (1998-2019) between the mean flax decomposition under crops for the entire vegetation period and the value of the hydrothermal coefficient (HThC) showed a close direct correlation, which in the first and second periods of exposure was 0.87–0.90 and 0.86–0.89, respectively.

Evaluation of Total Organic Carbon Quantity and Emissions of CO2 from Soil Into the Atmosphere Near Street

Soil as an ecosystem is actively involved into climate formation process. Therefore, it is important to assess such soil quality indicators as total organic carbon (TOC) and CO2 emissions. Soil organic matter is considered to be its indicator of quality, which is one of the most important components of biosphere consistency and stability. Soil respiration shows carbon emission from soil into the atmosphere. This is a great indicator, illustrating soil biological activity. Impact of soil temperature, air humidity, time of day was evaluated on CO2 emission from the soil. The highest CO2 emission is observed in afternoon hours, up to 0.201 g CO2∙m–2·h–1.

DAMPAK APLIKASI FLY ASH DARI PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK DI PT. GREAT GIANT PINEAPPLE-LAMPUNG TERHADAP AKTIVITAS BIOLOGI TANAH DI LAHAN MARGINAL

[EFFECT OF FLY ASH APPLICATION FROM POWER PLANT OF PT. GREAT GIANT PINEAPPLE ON SOIL BIOLOGYCAL ACTIVTY IN MARGINAL LAND]. Fly ash is a coal combustion waste containing nutrients that can be used to improve the soil fertility. The waste continues to increase but its handling is still limited because it is still classified as hazardous and toxic waste (B3). This study aims to determine the soil biological activity due to the application of fly ash and cow manure on marginal soils. The study was conducted using a completely randomized block design arranged factorial. The first factor is the dosage level of fly ash (F), namely 0 g/pot (0 ton/ha), 75 g/pot (50 ton/ha), 150 g/pot (100 ton/ha), and 225 g/pot (150 ton/ha) and the second factor is the dose of cow manure with three levels, namely 15 g/pot (10 ton/ha), 30 g/pot (20 ton/ha), and 45 g/pot (30 ton/ha). The observation parameters were (total population of fungi, bacteria, and soil respiration). The results showed that the addition of fly ash at various doses affected the soil biological activity by increasing the population of fungi, bacteria and soil respiration. The highest population of microorganisms was fungi, which was 17.8 x 107 Log CFU/g, bacteria 13.7 x 105 Log CFU/g, while the highest soil respiration was 54.53 mg CO2 at a dose of 100 ton/ha fly ash. In addition, the application of cow manure at a dose of 10, 20, 30 ton/ha did not affect observed variables.