scholarly journals Long-term crop rotation effects on winter and spring cereals productivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Marija Butkevičienė ◽  
Ingė Auželienė ◽  
Vaclovas Bogužas
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Productivity Indicators

A long-term field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of the VDU Agriculture Academy (formerly Aleksandras Stulginskis University), Institute of Agroecosystems crop rotation collection (equipped in 1967), during 2015–2017. The soil of the Experimental site is moderately fine textured Calc(ar)i-Endohypogleyic Luvisol. The research was carried out on winter rye (Secale cereale L.) ‘Matador’, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ‘Skagen’ and 71 spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ‘Orphelija’, which were sown in 8 different crop rotations after different preceding crops and rye monoculture. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of long-term crop rotation combinations on testing crops yield and productivity indicators. In many cases, rye productivity indicators were lower during 50-year monocropping. The best productivity indicators were obtained by growing rye in them in grass and fallow crop sequences, and for winter wheat in fallow with vetch–oat mixture for fodder and after manure application. In rye these indicators were more dependent on the precipitation amount and the amount of the sum of temperature during the period of generative organ formation. Among these indicators and the number of productive stems, a statistically strong and medium strength correlation interaction was identified: r = 0.83, P ≤ 0.01; r = 0.90, P ≤ 0.05; r = 0.58, P ≤ 0.05; r = 0.85, P ≤ 0.01; and winter weat r = 0.87, P ≤ 0.01; r = 0.89, P ≤ 0.01. The highest winter wheat productivity was established in crop rotation after perennial grasses and leguminous crops. Crop yield in monoculture decreases, but the optimal amount of mineral fertilizers saves lower but stable yields. Spring barley is less dependent on preceding crop, so it can be grown after winter cereals. However, they are more productive when sown after row crops and in crop rotations where one of the rotation members is fertilized with organic fertilizers.

scholarly journals The yield of sugar beet in constant sowing and crop rotation

Bioenergy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Hlushchenko ◽  
R. V. Olepir ◽  
O. I. Len ◽  
O. A. Samoilenko
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Field Crop

Purpose. To determine the long-term effect of a complex of factors (anthropogenic and natural) on the productivity of sugar beet for a significant period and the level of pest reproduction. Study of short crop rotations. Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical. Results. The uneven distribution of precipitation during the sugar beet growing season has differently affected the efficiency of fertilizer systems and, as a consequence, the growth, development of plants and the yield of root crops. Yield of sugar beets at constant sowing on average for five years was dynamic, but its highest productivity, regardless of the fertilizer system, was in the first years of research, from 29.7 to 39.1 t/ha (on average for 1978–1982). Further cultivation in monoculture has led to yield reduction. The highest yield of sugar per hectare was also observed in the first five years, and varied in different fertilizer treatments from 4.67 to 6.22 t/ha. The lowest yield was in 1988–1992 and 1998–2002, 2.71 to 4.42 t/ha and 2.23 to 4.53 t/ha, respectively. Sugar beet yield in crop rotation was influenced by both forecrop and aftercrop. On average, during the years of research (2011–2019), the highest yield (43.0 t/ha) was obtained in the three-field crop rotation winter wheat — spring barley — sugar beet, while the lowest (41.8 t/ha) in the crop rotation sunflower — winter wheat — sugar beet, slightly higher in the four-field crop rotation soybean — winter wheat — sugar beet — corn (42.3 t/ha). The yield of sugar during continuous sowing, on average during the study period, was 3.5–5.1 t/ha, while in crop rotation it was 7.7–8.3 t/ha. According to the results of the survey of crops in the cotyledon phase, it was found that in unchanged sowing the density of common beet weevil (Bothynoderes punctiventris Germ) is quite high, 8.8 beetles/m2 (average for 2006–2008) and exceeds the harmfulness threshold (0.2–0.3 beetless/m2) several times. At this density, the damage to plant seedlings was significant. Conclusions. The yield of sugar beet is influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Of the anthropogenic, in addition to fertilizers, it is important to adhere to scientifically sound crop rotation. Long-term stationary studies have shown that the cultivation of sugar beet in monoculture leads to a gradual and stable decrease in yield and, consequently, the yield of sugar per hectare. The use of mineral and organic fertilizers helps to increase yields, but not significantly. In addition to weather conditions, the yield of sugar beet in crop rotation is influenced by forecrop and aftercrop. In the studied crop rotations, the lowest yield was obtained in the crop rotation where the forecrop of beets was sunflower, and the largest yield was obtained with legumes. Observance of crop rotation affects the phytosanitary condition of sowing; therefore, in monoculture, the density of common beet weevil is much higher than threshold, which leads to additional costs.

EFFICIENCY OF BIOMODIFIED MINERAL FERTILIZERS IN THE CULTIVATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS ON THE CHERNOZEM REGIONS OF THE VOLGA FOREST-STEPPE

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
А. Kh. Kulikova ◽  
◽  
G. V. Saidyasheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Pure Steam

Research on the effectiveness biomodified mineral fertilizers were carried out on the basis of Ulyanovsk SRIA – SamSC RAS branch during the rotation grain fallow five fields crop rotation: pure steam – winter wheat – spring wheat – barley – oats in 2013-2018. The field experiment scheme included options (except control): with the introduction of biologics BisolbiFit (introduction with seeds that were treated before sowing), azofoski N15P15K15, in pure form, modified with biopreparation azofoski in the same dose N15P15K15, half a dose of modified azofoski (N7, 5 P7, 5 K7, 5). The effectiveness of fertilizers and biopreparations in crop cultivation was studied on three backgrounds: natural (control), ammonium nitrate at a dose of 40 kg ai/ha (NH4NO3), and modified ammonium nitrate at a dose of 20 kg DW/ha. It was established that modification of azofoski with Bisolbifit biopreparation can significantly increase the coefficients of use of elements from it by plants. The latter allows to reduce the dose of fertilizer, without reducing the productivity of cultivated crops, twice. Long-term cultivation of crops using only mineral fertilizers and biological products led to a relative decrease in the humus content in the soil and its acidification. For 6 years, the content of humus in the arable layer of leached chernozem decreased by 0.12 %, and the acidity of the soil solution increased by 0.5 pHKCI units. In the conditions of the Volga forest-steppe, when cultivated on chernozems, the highest-yielding winter wheat is (up to 4.00 t / ha or more, in our experiments 3.88-4.80 t / ha). The average yield of spring wheat was 2.68-3.31 t / ha, spring barley 2.67-3.21 t / ha, oats 2.15-2.71 t / ha. The highest productivity of crop rotation was observed against a background with modified ammonium nitrate at a dose of 20 kg ai/ha (½NH4NO3) when applying modified azofoski (N15P15K15). Grain harvest for 2013-2018 in this variant was 13.36 t / ha, exceeding the control variant on this background by 1.31 t / ha.

scholarly journals The Influence of Long-Term Different Crop Rotations and Monoculture on Weed Prevalence and Weed Seed Content in the Soil

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1367
Author(s):  
Lina Marija Butkevičienė ◽  
Lina Skinulienė ◽  
Ingė Auželienė ◽  
Vaclovas Bogužas ◽  
Rita Pupalienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Intensive Farming

Equally effective way to achieve sustainable farming and the challenge set by the European Commission on 20 May 2020: proper crop rotation and thus reduction of the quantity of on-farm chemicals. Long-term stationary field experiments were established in 1966 at Vytautas Magnus University Experimental Station (54°53′ N, 23°50′ E). The study was conducted with intensive, three-course, field rotation with row crops, for green manure crop rotations, and rye monoculture as well during the last 5-year period of a 50-year investigation to determine the effect of crop rotation combinations and rye monoculture on weed density and seed bank and grain yield. In cereal crops, weed counting was performed twice: weed density was determined before the application of herbicides, and weed counting was done before the harvest. Weed seedlings were counted, their botanical species were determined, annual and perennial weed number was estimated. Weed seed bank was established before primary tillage in soil. The results obtained confirmed the hypothesis that with climate change and intensive farming, long-term crop rotations are likely to increase crop productivity, reduce weeds and weed seed banks in the soil, and thus contribute to maintaining agroecosystem sustainability. The winter rye 1000 grain weight and yield decreases as weed mass increases showing strong negative correlations: y = 475.56 − 11.93x, r = −0.91, p ≤ 0.05; y = 82.97 −14.82x, r = −0.97, p ≤ 0.01. Reseeding of rye crops leads to a growing prevalence of weeds such as Equisetum arvense L. and Mentha arvensis. Crop structures these days are dominated by cereals, which inevitably increase the spread of weeds, and therefore, the importance of crop rotations increases in the context of intensive farming.

scholarly journals Productivity of grain crop rotations in the landscape conditions of the Central Ciscaucasia

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
A. I. Khripunov ◽  
E. N. Obshchiya
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
Winter Wheat Crop

Increasing the yield of the most profitable field crops and their placement in crop rotations is an urgent problem of agriculture. The purpose of the studies is to study the productivity of grain crop rotations with various saturation of winter wheat on various power backgrounds and landscape taxons in the zone of unstable moisturizing of the Stavropol Territory. Productivity of grain crop rotations depends on the developing weather conditions, the introduction of mineral fertilizers, saturation of crop rotations with winter wheat and location in the relief. The maximum yield of grain units was observed in crop rotations with winter crops. In crop rotation with a spring barley, they were collected by 3.5–4.2 с less. The use of fertilizers increased the collection of grain units on average by 4.9–6.1 c/ha. On the outskirts of the placard (A1) due to lower soil fertility the minimum collection of grain units was obtained (20.2 с). On average (A2) and lower (A3) slopes their fee increased by 11.7 c, or 57.9%, and by 14.5 c, or 71.8%. In the first crop rotation with 60% saturation of winter wheat the maximum yield of the grain of this culture was obtained. In the second and third crop rotation with 40% grain saturation wasassembled by 6.2–6.3 c less. Putting fertilizers in a dose of N40P40K40 increased the grain collection in the first crop rotation by 4.1, in the second — by 2.2 and in the third — by2.4 c, and according to taxons: on A1 — by1.4,on A2 — by3.6 and onA3 — by 3.8 c. According to the landscape taxons, the release of grain of winter wheat differed at 7.9–10.2 c with the maximum value on the lower slope. Upon the exit of the grain and feed units on all power backgrounds, 1st and 3rd crop turns were leading, and in the exit of the grain of winter wheat — crop rotation with 3 fields of winter wheat.

scholarly journals Effect of long-term crop rotations on soil CO2 emission and earthworms

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Skinulienė ◽  
Vaclovas Bogužas ◽  
Vaida Steponavičienė ◽  
Aušra Sinkevičienė ◽  
Aušra Marcinkevičienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Soil Co2 Emission

Long-term field experiment was established in 1966 at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University, in the crop rotation collection of the Institute of Agroecosystems and Soil Science established in 1967. The soil is brown drained deeper carbonic shallow clayey (RDg8–k2) – Endocalcari-Epihypogleyic Cambisol (sicco) (CMg-p-w-can). The experiment was carried out in crops of winter wheat, rye and barley of different crop rotation in sequence of different preceding/catch crops. Crops of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) ‘Matador’, wheat ‘Skagen’ and spring barley ‘Orphelija’ were sown in 8 crop rotations in sequence of different preceding (catch) crop and rye monocrops. The research aim was to investigate the effect of long-term crop rotations on the soil CO2 emission, and on the number and mass of earthworms. After pre-crops, leaving a large amount of plant residues in the soil, the CO2 emission intensity was the highest. It was established that after harvesting of winter cereals and spring barely, the plant residue had the most significant influence on the amount of earthworms.

scholarly journals Removal of basic nutrients from the soil by field crop rotations with different fertilizers

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Н. M. Hospodarenko ◽  
◽  
O. D. Cherno ◽  
A. T. Martyniuk ◽  
V. P. Boiko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Field Crop ◽  
Soybean Straw ◽  
Different Doses

The effect of application of different doses and combinations of mineral fertilizers in field crop rotation on the content of basic nutrients in plants, economic and relative removal of winter wheat, corn, spring barley and soybeans was studied. Soil - Luvic Chernic Phaeozem. The scheme of the experiment includes 11 variants of combinations and separate application of mineral fertilizers and, including the variant without fertilizer. It was found that the level of nitrogen content of easily hydrolyzed compounds in the soil significantly affects its content in the grain of spring barley, corn, soybeans (R2 = 0,92–0,93), less - winter wheat (R2 = 0,63). The content of mobile phosphates in the soil has almost the same effect on its content in the main and non-commodity part of the crop, regardless of the crop (R2 = 0,39–0,70). The smallest relationship between the content of mobile compounds in the soil and in the crop was in potassium, but in soybean seeds and straw of spring barley and soybeans it was clearly traced (R2 = 0,53–0,68). Nitrogen (64,4–149,9 kg / ha) has the largest share in the economic extraction of nutrients with grain and seed yield, followed by phosphorus – 21,1–51,4 kg P2O5/ ha, depending on the crop. On the formation of the crop unit of marketable and the corresponding amount of non-marketable crop products absorb nutrients in the following ratio N : P2O5 : K2O: winter wheat – 1 : 0,4: 0,7; corn – 1 : 0,3 : 0,8; spring barley – 1 : 0,4 : 0,7 and soy – 1 : 0,4 : 0,4. With the non-commodity part of the crop, nitrogen with corn stalks returns to the soil from economic removal – 28–36 %, phosphorus with soybean straw (47–54 %) and potassium with winter wheat straw and corn stalks – 74–80 %, depending on the experiment variant.

scholarly journals THE BUCKWHEAT ROLE IN CROP ROTATION AND WEED CONTROL IN THIS SOWINGS IN LONG TERM TRIAL

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Andris Lejiņš ◽  
Biruta Lejiņa
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Term Trial ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
Yield Decrease ◽  
Research Institute

Buckwheat research has been carried out within the long-term crop rotation stationary that was established in 1969 as a part of the Research institute of Agriculture. Buckwheat proportion within the partcular crop rotations went up to 22%. The highest buckwheat yields were obtained from the buckwheat variants that where cultivated after winter rye, and within the buckwheat monoculture experimental plots. A considerable yield decrease was observed when cultivating buckwheat after potatoes. Weeds in the buckwheat sowing were effectively brought under control by the herbicide Butisane 400 (1.5 l ha-1), applied immediately after sowing and Betanal AM 2.5 l ha-1 after seedling in 2-3 leaves stage.

scholarly journals Agro-economic substantiation of the feasibility of green manured fallow in sugar beet crop rotations of the Central Chernozem Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 02001
Author(s):  
Alexander Akimenko ◽  
Vyacheslav Sviridov ◽  
Tatiana Dudkina
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Typical Chernozem ◽  
Central Chernozem Region ◽  
Sugar Beet Crop ◽  
Absolute Decrease ◽  
Central Chernozem

The aim of the study is to find out the feasibility of including green manured fallow in specialized sugar beet crop rotations by comparing necessary assessment indicators with their values in a traditional crop rotation with black fallow against the background of unequal fertilization levels. The study was based on the analysis of experimental data from a long-term stationary experiment, laid out simultaneously in all fields and variants on typical chernozem in triplicate. The results are as follows: within the same fertilization levels, no significant differences in the yield of winter wheat (sugar beet precursor) were revealed, and the yield of sugar beet in a crop rotation with green manured fallow was stably higher (no more than 5 to 7%), an increase in yield relative to the control fertilizer variant (6 tons of manure per hectare per year) against the background of a double rate of manure in combination with mineral fertilizers amounted to 21.7 to 23.4% for wheat and 14.3 to 15.6% for beets with an increase in the productivity of crop rotations (in natural and value terms) by 1.2 times, but an increase in costs by 1.3 times caused an absolute decrease in the level of profitability by 23 to 25%. Differences in the assessment indicators for specific fertilization variants increased over time due to an unequal degree of soil fertility reproduction, and therefore in the fifth cycle of the crop rotation with black fallow turned out to be 1.1 to 1.3 times greater than in the green manured rotation.

scholarly journals Mineral and organic fertilization efficiency in long-term stationary experiments

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Černý ◽  
J. Balík ◽  
M. Kulhánek ◽  
K. Čásová K ◽  
V. Nedvěd
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Organic Fertilization

In long-term stationary experiments under different soil-climatic conditions, an influence of mineral and organic fertilization on yield of winter wheat, spring barley and potato tubers was evaluated. Statistically significantly lowest grain yields of winter wheat (4.00 t/ha) and spring barley (2.81 t/ha) were obtained in non-fertilized plots at all experimental sites. In the case of potatoes, the lowest yield of dry matter (5.71 t/ha) was recorded in the control plot, but the result was not statistically significant. The manure-fertilized plot gave the average yield of wheat higher by 30%, of barley by 22%. Application of sewage sludge resulted in wheat yield higher by 41% and barley yield higher by 26% over control. On average, application of sewage sludge and manure increased the yield of potatoes by 30% over control. The highest yield was obtained after application of mineral fertilizers; average yield increased by 59, 50 and 36% in winter wheat, spring barley and potatoes, respectively. No statistically significant differences among the plots with mineral fertilizers were observed. At different sites, the yield of studied crops varied; however, the effect of fertilization on yield increments was similar at all experimental sites except for Lukavec. It is the site with the lowest natural soil fertility, and it showed the highest effect of the applied fertilizers.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY OF PERENNIAL LEGUMES AS PRECURSORS OF WINTER WHEAT GROWN IN THE CONDITIONS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND POLLUTION WITH HEAVY METALS

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
Serhii Razanov
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Intensive Farming

The aim of the research was to study the effect of the inclusion of different types of perennial leguminous plants as winter wheat precursors in the crop rotation on the rate of accumulation of heavy metals in the soil compared to traditional winter wheat predecessors. The objectives of the research are to develop measures to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils under conditions of modern crop rotation, limited by the number of crops grown and winter wheat. The accumulations of heavy metals in soils were calculated during the cultivation of the main crops of crop rotation with intensive fertilizer. The concentration of heavy metals in the soil was determined before and after the cultivation of legume precursors. Field studies were carried out during 2013-2017. On gray podzolized medium loamy soils of the Agronomichesky Research Institute of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. We calculated the volumes of heavy metals with optimal rates of mineral fertilizer application for the most common types of crops grown in crop rotation. Four types of perennial grasses were sown: sowing alfalfa, meadow clover, horned lamb, sainfoin and eastern goatskin. After their four years of use, winter wheat was sown. The control was the predecessors in the following sequence: winter wheat - sunflower - winter wheat - corn. Laboratory studies of the content of mobile forms of heavy metals in soil were carried out in the Vinnytsia branch of the State Center for the Protection of Soil Fertility. Analysis of soil contamination with heavy metals during fertilization of major cereals showed that the amount of mineral fertilizers is from 257 kg/ha to 571 kg/ha for ammonium nitrate, from 175 to 225 kg/ha for double superphosphate and from 58 to 75 kg/ha on potassium chloride. According to the volume of mineral fertilizers used in the cultivation of winter wheat, 1944 mg / ha of lead and 339 mg / ha of cadmium enter the soil. Of these, with ammonium nitrate - 51.4% and 7.4%, respectively, with double superphosphate - 39.6% and 41.3% and with potassium chloride - 9.0% and 51.3%. When growing corn per 1 ha with mineral fertilizers, 2357 mg of lead and 434 mg of cadmium are applied, of which with ammonium nitrate - 48.4% and 6.7%, respectively, with double superphosphate - 42% and 41% and with potassium chloride. - 9.6% and 51.8%. Cultivation of spring barley leads to the receipt of mineral fertilizers to soils 1458 mg/ha of lead and 327 mg/ha of cadmium, of which with ammonium nitrate - respectively 35.2% and 4.0%, with double superphosphate - 52.8% and 42.8% and with potassium chloride - 12.0% and 53.2%. Mineral fertilization of winter rape leads to the entry into the soil per 1 ha of 2223 mg of lead and 390 mg of cadmium, of which with ammonium nitrate - respectively 51.4% and 7.4%, with double superphosphate - 39.6% and 41% and with potassium chloride - 9.0% and 51.5%. With mineral fertilizers for growing sunflower in the soil per 1 ha gets 2073 mg of lead and 427 mg of cadmium, of which with ammonium nitrate - respectively 41.4% and 5.2%, double superphosphate - 47.8% and 42.2 % and potassium chloride - 10.8% and 52.6%. The positive effect of growing leguminous perennial herbs on the decrease in the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and grain of winter wheat has been established. Under the conditions of intensive farming by Vinnitskaya, lead and cadmium fall into the soil for the use of mineral fertilizers in accordance with 1944 mg/ha and 339 mg/ha for growing winter wheat, 2357 mg/ha and 434 mg/ha for growing corn, 1458 mg/ha and 327 mg/ha when growing spring barley, 2223 mg/ha and 390 mg/ha when growing sunflower. The four-year cultivation of perennial leguminous grasses under intensive farming reduced the concentration of lead in the soil from 1.33 to 3.2 times and cadmium from 37 to 54 times compared with cereal crops, which contributed to improving the quality of winter wheat grain by reducing the concentration of lead from 1 7 to 2.4 times and cadmium from 1.4 times to 2.1 times. Key words: legumes, precursors, winter wheat, heavy metals, pollution.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document