Differentiating human stem cells into neurons and glial cells for neural repair

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

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Quantitative Evaluation of Chromosomal Rearrangements in Primary Gene-Edited Human Stem Cells by Preclinical CAST-Seq

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3565007 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Giandomenico Turchiano ◽

Geoffroy Andrieux ◽

Georges Blattner ◽

Valentina Pennucci ◽

Julia Klermund ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Quantitative Evaluation ◽

Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽

Human Stem Cells ◽

Primary Gene

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Opinion on the Ethical Aspects of Patenting Inventions Involving Human Stem Cells

Ethische Perspectieven ◽

10.2143/epn.12.1.504130 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 43-48

Author(s):

Bart HANSEN

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Human Stem Cells ◽

Ethical Aspects

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Regeneration of pulp-dentin complex using human stem cells of the apical papilla: in vivo interaction with two bioactive materials

Clinical Oral Investigations ◽

10.1007/s00784-021-03840-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Diana B. Sequeira ◽

Ana Rafaela Oliveira ◽

Catarina M. Seabra ◽

Paulo J. Palma ◽

Carlos Ramos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Human Stem Cells ◽

Bioactive Materials ◽

Apical Papilla

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Utilising Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Disease Research: Focus on Glia

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22094334 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

pp. 4334

Author(s):

Katrina Albert ◽

Jonna Niskanen ◽

Sara Kälvälä ◽

Šárka Lehtonen

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

Neurodegenerative Disease ◽

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Glial Cells ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Cell Types ◽

Human Ipscs ◽

Induced Pluripotent

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a self-renewable pool of cells derived from an organism’s somatic cells. These can then be programmed to other cell types, including neurons. Use of iPSCs in research has been two-fold as they have been used for human disease modelling as well as for the possibility to generate new therapies. Particularly in complex human diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, iPSCs can give advantages over traditional animal models in that they more accurately represent the human genome. Additionally, patient-derived cells can be modified using gene editing technology and further transplanted to the brain. Glial cells have recently become important avenues of research in the field of neurodegenerative diseases, for example, in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. This review focuses on using glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) derived from human iPSCs in order to give a better understanding of how these cells contribute to neurodegenerative disease pathology. Using glia iPSCs in in vitro cell culture, cerebral organoids, and intracranial transplantation may give us future insight into both more accurate models and disease-modifying therapies.

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Telomere length set point regulation in human pluripotent stem cells critically depends on the shelterin protein TPP1

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.e19-08-0447 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (23) ◽

pp. 2583-2596

Author(s):

John M. Boyle ◽

Kelsey M. Hennick ◽

Samuel G. Regalado ◽

Jacob M. Vogan ◽

Xiaozhu Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Telomere Length ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Human Stem Cells ◽

Set Point ◽

Hypomorphic Allele ◽

Point Control ◽

Set Point Control ◽

Stem Cell Lines

To better understand telomere length set point control in human stem cells, we generated knockout stem cell lines for TPP1 and contrasted their phenotypes with those of homozygous TPP1 L104A mutant stem cells. This comparison reveals that TPP1 L104A is not a hypomorphic allele but formally establishes TPP1 L104 as a dissociation of function mutant.

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Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Neuron, Cholinergic, and Glial Cells

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2020/8827874 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Kimia Hosseini ◽

Emilia Lekholm ◽

Aikeremu Ahemaiti ◽

Robert Fredriksson

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Embryonic Stem Cells ◽

Glial Cells ◽

Human Embryonic Stem Cells ◽

Inner Cell Mass ◽

Cell Mass ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Cholinergic Neurons ◽

Neuronal Cultures ◽

Short Period

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent cells, capable of differentiation into different cellular lineages given the opportunity. Derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts in early embryonic development, the cell self-renewal ability makes them a great tool for regenerative medicine, and there are different protocols available for maintaining hESCs in their undifferentiated state. In addition, protocols for differentiation into functional human neural stem cells (hNSCs), which have the potential for further differentiation into various neural cell types, are available. However, many protocols are time-consuming and complex and do not always fit for purpose. In this study, we carefully combined, optimized, and developed protocols for differentiation of hESCs into adherent monolayer hNSCs over a short period of time, with the possibility of both expansion and freezing. Moreover, the method details further differentiation into neurons, cholinergic neurons, and glial cells in a simple, single step by step protocol. We performed immunocytochemistry, qPCR, and electrophysiology to examine the expression profile and characteristics of the cells to verify cell lineage. Using presented protocols, the creation of neuronal cultures, cholinergic neurons, and a mixed culture of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes can be completed within a three-week time period.

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