Indonesia Exploration: New Strategies for Further Explore Western and Eastern Indonesia

Evidently, a few months after the Jakarta Charter was signed, Christian circles from Eastern Indonesia submitted an ultimatum, if the seven words in the Jakarta Charter were still included in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution, then the consequence was that they would not want to join the Republic of Indonesia. The main reason put forward by Pastor Octavian was that Indonesia was seen from its georaphical interests and structure, Western Indonesia was known as the base of Islamic camouflage, while eastern Indonesia was the basis for Christian communities. Oktavianus added that Christians as an integral part of this nation need to realize that they also have the right to life, religious rights, political rights, economic rights, the same rights to the nation and state as other citizens, who in fact are mostly Muslims. This paper aims to determine and understand the extent to which the basic assumptions of the Indonesian people view the role of Islam as presented in an exclusive format.

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The Coin of the African Realm

10.23943/princeton/9780691164137.003.0007 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Jeffrey Herbst

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

West Africa ◽

West African ◽

Regional Economies ◽

African Countries ◽

New Strategies

This chapter examines the politics of the currency in West Africa from the beginning of the twentieth century. A public series of debates over the nature of the currency occurred in West Africa during both the colonial and independence periods. Since 1983, West African countries have been pioneers in Africa in developing new strategies to combat overvaluation of the currency and reduce the control of government over the currency supply. The chapter charts the evolution of West African currencies as boundaries and explores their relationship to state consolidation. It shows that leaders in African capitals managed to make the units they ruled increasingly distinct from the international and regional economies, but the greater salience of the currency did not end up promoting state consolidation. Rather, winning the ability to determine the value of the currency led to a series of disastrous decisions that severely weakened the states themselves.

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Internationalization in Higher Education in Russia: Challenges, Lessons and Prospects of Collaboration with Vietnam

VNU Journal of Science Policy and Management Studies ◽

10.25073/2588-1116/vnupam.4099 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Natalia Kraevskaia

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Education Reform ◽

Knowledge Production ◽

Professional Training ◽

National Interests ◽

International Networks ◽

International Dimension ◽

Main Factors ◽

Internationalization In Higher Education ◽

New Strategies

The article addresses the needs of educational system in context of rapidly developing globalization and explores internationalization of higher education as one of the main factors which contributes to integration of international dimension to professional training at universities. Different components and strategies of internationalization, such as strong collaboration in teaching, internationalization of the curriculum, cooperation in researches and knowledge production, students and professors’ mobility, and participation in international networks are analyzed in connection to education reform in Russia. The article provides the comparison of internationalization policies in Russian and Vietnamese education systems, argues that innovations in higher education should be adjusted to the national interests, traditions and mentality and finally describes new strategies in collaboration of Russia and Vietnam in the field of education.

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The intermolecular anthracene-transfer in a regiospecific antipodal C60 difunctionalization

10.26434/chemrxiv.11968743.v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Radu Talmazan ◽

Klaus R. Liedl ◽

Bernhard Kräutler ◽

Maren Podewitz

Keyword(s):

Noncovalent Interactions ◽

Interaction Model ◽

Alder Reaction ◽

Diels Alder ◽

Stacking Interactions ◽

Pi Stacking ◽

Diels Alder Reaction ◽

Double Decker ◽

Anthracene Molecule ◽

New Strategies

We analyze the mechanism of the topochemically controlled difunctionalization of C60 and anthracene, where an anthracene molecule is transferred from one C60 monoadduct to another one under exclusive formation of equal amounts of C60 and the difficult to make antipodal C60 bisadduct. Our herein disclosed dispersion corrected DFT studies show the anthracene transfer to take place in a synchronous retro Diels-Alder/Diels-Alder reaction: an anthracene molecule dissociates from one fullerene under formation of an intermediate, while already undergoing stabilizing interactions with both neighboring fullerenes, facilitating the reaction kinetically. In the intermediate, a planar anthracene molecule is sandwiched between two neighboring fullerenes and forms equally strong "double-decker" type pi-pi stacking interactions with both of these fullerenes. Analysis with the distorsion interaction model shows that the anthracene unit of the intermediate is almost planar with minimal distorsions. This analysis sheds light on the existence of noncovalent interactions engaging both faces of a planar polyunsaturated ring and two convex fullerene surfaces in an unprecedented 'inverted sandwich' structure. Hence, it sheds light on new strategies to design functional fullerene based materials.<br>

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