scholarly journals Occupational Demand, Cumulative Disadvantage, and Gender: Differences in University Graduates’ Early Career Earnings

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-194
Author(s):  
Michael Robert Smith ◽  
Sean Waite
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Dot Com

A number of mechanisms contribute to the gender earnings gap – both its level and trends in it. We focus on three of them: occupational demand, the cumulation of disadvantage that originates in the unequal domestic division of labour, and labour market statuses which also may originate in the domestic division of labour. We show that changes in occupational demand associated with the dot-com boom and what followed it have caused substantial shifts in the relative earnings of young male and female university graduates. We provide evidence of how one consequence of the domestic division of labour – differences in hours worked by gender - contribute to the size and growth of the female earnings disadvantage. And, even in our generally young sample, human capital accumulation is more likely to be disrupted for women than for men. We identify several methodological and substantive implications of our results.

scholarly journals A synthesis of the Uzawa-Lucas model with the Walrasian-General-Equilibrium and Neoclassical-Growth theories

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (199) ◽  
pp. 7-38
Author(s):  
Wei-Bin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
Perfect Competition ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
Total Productivity

This paper proposes a dynamic economic model of wealth accumulation and human capital accumulation with endogenous education. It is an extension of the Uzawa-Lucas model of a heterogeneous household economy with multiple ways of human capital accumulation. In addition to learning by education in the Uzawa-Lucas model (Uzawa, 1965; Lucas, 1988), we also consider Arrow?s ?learning by producing? (Arrow, 1962) and Zhang?s ?learning by consuming? (creative learning, Zhang, 2007) in the human capital accumulation equation. The economic system consists of one production sector and one education sector. Households differ in propensity to save, to obtain education, to consume, and in learning abilities. The model describes a dynamic interdependence between wealth accumulation, human capital accumulation, and division of labour with endogenous wealth and income distribution in perfect competition. We simulate the model to demonstrate the existence of equilibrium points and the motion of the dynamic system. We also demonstrate how changes in the propensity to obtain education, the population, the propensity to save, and the education sector?s total productivity affect economic development.

scholarly journals The Gender Earnings Gap in the Gig Economy: Evidence from over a Million Rideshare Drivers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody Cook ◽  
Rebecca Diamond ◽  
Jonathan V Hall ◽  
John A List ◽  
Paul Oyer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Abstract The growth of the “gig” economy generates worker flexibility that, some have speculated, will favor women. We explore this by examining labor supply choices and earnings among more than a million rideshare drivers on Uber in the United States. We document a roughly 7% gender earnings gap amongst drivers. We show that this gap can be entirely attributed to three factors: experience on the platform (learning-by-doing), preferences and constraints over where to work (driven largely by where drivers live and, to a lesser extent, safety), and preferences for driving speed. We do not find that men and women are differentially affected by a taste for specific hours, a return to within-week work intensity, or customer discrimination. Our results suggest that, in a “gig” economy setting with no gender discrimination and highly flexible labor markets, women’s relatively high opportunity cost of non-paid-work time and gender-based differences in preferences and constraints can sustain a gender pay gap.

Women at Work

ILR Review ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja-Kristin Abendroth ◽  
Silvia Melzer ◽  
Alexandra Kalev ◽  
Donald Tomaskovic-Devey
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Organizational Context ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Job Level ◽  
Women In Management ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Gendered Power ◽  
And Gender

Using a unique sample of 5,022 workers in 94 large German workplaces, the authors explore whether and how women’s access to higher level positions, firms’ human resources practices, and workers’ qualification levels are associated with gender differences in earnings. First, they find that having more women in management reduces the gender earnings gap for jobs with low qualifications, but not those with high qualifications. Second, they find that while men’s compensation is positively affected by having a male supervisor, women with a female supervisor do not receive such an advantage. Finally, they find that human resources practices and job-level qualifications moderate the association between gendered power and gender earnings inequalities. Integrating women into managerial and supervisory roles does not automatically reduce gender inequalities; its impacts are contingent on organizational context.

scholarly journals Gender Discrimination, Education and Economic Growth in a Generalized Uzawa-Lucas Two-Sector Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Wei-Bin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
Sector Model ◽  
And Gender

Abstract This paper is mainly concerned with relationships between economic growth and gender discrimination in labor markets and education. Although discrimination in different fields has well been addresses and modelled in the economic literature, there are only a few growth models with endogenous wealth and human capital accumulation, gender time distribution between work, leisure and education under gender (positive or negative) discrimination. The production and economic structures, human capital accumulation are based on the Uzawa-Lucas model, while the utility function and gender division of labor, leisure time and study time are based on the model by Zhang. The model takes account of learning by education in modeling human capital accumulation. We simulate the model to demonstrate the existence of equilibrium points and motion of the national economy. We also conduct a comparative dynamic analysis in regard to changes in discrimination in the education sector, women’s propensity to stay at home, women’s propensity to receive education, women’s knowledge utilization efficiency, and the propensity to save.

scholarly journals The Demography of Multigenerational Caregiving: A Critical Aspect of the Gendered Life Course

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237802311986273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Patterson ◽  
Rachel Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Critical Aspect ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Life Course

Multigenerational caregiving is important because it affects social and economic outcomes. Existing studies usually exclude theoretically and empirically important aspects—emotional care and horizontal care—that may systematically underestimate gender differences. In this study, we comprehensively describe caregiving by gender and age and examine how sensitive estimates are to the inclusion of directions and types of care. Using the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) in Europe (N = 114,147), we find that women are more likely to provide care than men across the life course, and gender gaps are largest during critical periods for human capital accumulation. Significant gender gaps in favor of more women providing care are found in most countries, especially when emotional caregiving is included, but in some countries, more men provide care at the oldest ages. These findings highlight how measuring caregiving well is critical to understanding the gendered life course.

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