TERMINALIA CHEBULA RETZ;

Objective: To study the spasmogenic and spasmolytic properties of Terminalia chebula. Diagnostic parameter of smoothmuscle activity was used for the determination of characteristic spasmogenic and spasmolytic activity of T. chebula. Design:Experimental study. Setting: This experimental study was carried out at the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, KarachiUniversity. Period: From 2005 to 2006. Material & method: This experimental study was conducted on isolated smooth muscle ofrabbit's intestine. Segment of small intestine (jejunum and ileum) was mounted in Tyroid's solution filled organ bath with maintainedo temperature at 37 C to record dose response activity. Results: It is observed that at the dose of 1 mg/ml there is a slight decrease in theresponse (0.88 cm 0.035 cm) as compare to control (1.15cm 0.040 cm). At 10 mg/ml there is a relaxing response of smooth muscleactivity (0.85cm 0.08cm) from control (1.08cm 0.125cm). While the relaxation is prominent at the doses of 20 mg/ml (0.9cm 0.5cm)and 25 mg/ml (0.55cm 0.035cm) from control (1.4cm 0.155cm) and (1.3cm 0.07cm) respectively with (p value 0.05). The effect of-2 ethyl acetate fraction shows initially relaxation and this effect disappeared after the administration of acetylcholine 1x10 M, but fullresponse of acetylcholine is not produced due to occupancy of muscarinic receptor by the extract. Conclusions: The effect of T. chebulashowed a spontaneous decrease in the movement of smooth muscles of rabbit's intestine as compared to control experiments.

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To compare post obturation endodontic flare-ups following single and multiple visit root canal treatment.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.07.4618 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (07) ◽

pp. 1516-1520

Author(s):

Sajjad Ali Darvesh ◽

Irum Naz ◽

Abdul Razzaq Ahmed ◽

Farhan Butt ◽

Wasey Latif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Study Design ◽

Root Canal ◽

University Hospital ◽

Root Canal Treatment ◽

P Value ◽

Anterior Teeth ◽

Multiple Visit ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Study Setting

Objective: To compare post obturation endodontic flare-ups following single and multiple visit root canal treatment. Study Design: Quasi experimental study. Setting Operative dentistry department, DOW university hospital Karachi. Period: 2nd October 2017 to 2nd April 2018. Material & Methods: A total of 100 patients of permanent exposed anterior teeth with positive pup response / vital, either gender were included. Patients divided into two groups according to single and multiple visit root canal treatment. At each post obturation recall visit the patients were interviewed and inspected to determine whether or not there are symptoms. Results: A total of 100 patients came for root canal treatment. At 1st post obturation day, out of 50 patients treated in one visit, four experienced a flare-up (8%). Out of 50 patients treated in two visits, eight experienced a flare-up (16%) (P-value=0.12). At 3rd post obturation day, out of 50 patients treated in one visit, three experienced a flare-up (6%). Out of 50 patients treated in two visits, five experienced a flare-up (10%) (P-value=0.37). Conclusion: We conclude that almost same results for single and multiple visit endodontics were achieved not statistically significant.

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Comparison of hemorrhoidectomy combined with LIS and open hemorrhoidectomy.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.11.4580 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (11) ◽

pp. 2305-2308

Author(s):

Sajid Rashid ◽

Naveed Malik

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Pain Score ◽

Study Design ◽

P Value ◽

Open Hemorrhoidectomy ◽

Post Operative Pain ◽

Group 2 ◽

Study Setting ◽

Surgical Unit ◽

Group 1

Objectives: To measure the effectiveness of addition of LIS with open haemorrhoidectomy in reducing post-operative pain. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting: Surgical Unit of DHQ Teaching Hospital Rawalpindi. Period: Jan-2016 to Nov-2017. Material & Methods: This study was conducted on total number of 60 patients (n=60) with 4th degree haemorrhoids. Patients were divided into two equal groups of 30. In group 1 open haemorrhoidectomy with LIS was done and group 2 open haemorrhoidectomy without LIS was done. Results: Mean pain score of 2.53 with SD of 0.681 was found in group 1 (open haemorrhoidectomy with LIS) as compare to mean pain score of 7.07 with SD of 1.112 in group 2 (open haemorrhoidectomy without LIS) p value was 0.05. T-Test was applied and difference between the two groups was found statistically significant. Conclusion: Open haemorrhoidectomy with LIS reduces post-operative pain in patients.

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CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.01.545 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (01) ◽

pp. 96-103

Author(s):

Muhammad Saleh Faisal ◽

Niaz Ali ◽

Kashif Ali

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Citrullus Colocynthis ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Model Study ◽

Spontaneous Contractions ◽

Medical University ◽

Study Setting

Objectives: To evaluate the methanolic extract of Citrullus colocynthis andits different fractions for possible spasmogenic effects on rat’s ileum model. Study Design:An experimental study. Setting: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic MedicalSciences, Khyber Medical University, Hayatabad, Peshawar. Period: August 2016 to March2017. Methodology: Different fractions i.e n-hexane, chloroform, Ethyl acetate, n-butanol andaqueous fractions of methanolic extract were tried in concentrations of 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0,3.0, 5.0, 10 and 15 mg/ml to identify the portion with maximum spasmogens. Results: Aqueousand n-Butanol fractions showed spasmogenic effects on the spontaneous contractions of rat’sileal preparations at the concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mg/ml while at 10 and15 mg/ml, they showed spasmolytic effects. Ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions did notshow significant spasmogenic effects, rather showed spasmolytic effects in rabbit’s jejunalpreparations with respective EC50 values of 0.1283 ± 0.007 mg/ml and 2.703 ± 0.235 mg/ml. Respective EC50 values for spasmolytic effects of Ethyl acetate and chloroform fractionsupon KCl induced contractions were 5.37 ± 0.515 mg/ml and 12.36 ± 1.484 mg/ml. RespectiveEC50 (log [Ca++] M) of ethyl acetate fraction at 1mg/ml vs control were -2.563 ± 0.04 and-2.846 ± 0.035. Similarly, respective EC50 (Log[Ca++]M) in the absence and presence of0.1 μM verapamil were -2.45 ± 0.06 and -1.7 ± 0.07. EC50 (log [Ca++] M) for control vschloroform fraction at 3 mg/ml and 5 mg/ml were -2.95 ± 0.035 vs -3.02 ± 0.03 and -3.06 ±0.0264, respectively. Similarly, respective EC50 (Log[Ca++]M) in the absence and presenceof 0.1 μM verapamil were -2.45 ± 0.06 and -1.7 ± 0.07. Conclusion: Thus, it is concluded thatspasmogens concentrated in the residual aqueous fraction followed by n-butanol fraction whilespasmolytic constituents are concentrated in the ethyl acetate fraction followed by chloroformfraction.

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Determination of factors involved in the rejection of bananas (Musa acuminata) intended for international commercialization

10.37281/preprints/2 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Musa Acuminata ◽

P Value ◽

Biotic Factors ◽

Significance Level ◽

Export Sector ◽

Export System

The banana agro-export sector in Ecuador provides millions of dollars in income for this concept, but with this development, a series of quality standards have been established that must be met to enter the export system. This has contributed to establishing good post-harvest production and management practices that guarantee the optimal production of bananas and plantains. The objective of this study was to determine the factors involved in the rejection of bananas (Musa acuminata) destined for international commercialization. The methodology considered the design modality of non-experimental transactional research, with a quantitative approach. The methodological design was developed in three phases at Finca 6 Hermanas located in the Barraganete sector of the San Juan parish in the Puebloviejo canton of the Los Ríos Province, Ecuador. The results highlight that the main causes for which banana rejection is generated are due to abiotic factors (damage, dry latex, scar, insect damage, broken neck, overgrowth) in a higher percentage of 79.55 % and biotic factors ( twins, diseases, short finger) by 20.45 %. The average rejection was 6 361 fingers and1 269 Kilograms (K) over the 6-week study duration. The analysis of variance turned out to be significant for variable 1 (biotic and abiotic). Ho is rejected; with the criterion of p-value < 0.0001 and F (9; 45) = 2.10., F = 13.17> F critic. In the case of variable (2) “work weeks”, Ho is accepted with the criteria obtained of p-value of 0.7694 and F (5; 45) = 2.4., As F = 0.51 < F critic, it is concludes, that with a significance level of 5% the null hypothesis is accepted. It is concluded that these figures lead to the elaboration of strategies that systemically mitigate the damages, by correcting each one of the causes that cause the deterioration of the banana and increasing the economic gains of the commercialization process.

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The Effect on Health of Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.17.10.5863 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (10) ◽

pp. 2237-2242

Author(s):

Germaine Savoiu Balint ◽

Mihaiela Andoni ◽

Ramona Amina Popovici ◽

Laura Cristina Rusu ◽

Ioana Citu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Vascular Reactivity ◽

Vascular Wall ◽

Dose Effect ◽

Organ Bath ◽

Before And After ◽

Specific Receptors ◽

Oxide Synthase ◽

Endothelial Nitric Oxide ◽

Relaxing Response

Arterial endothelium produces a large ramge of active factors which are indispensable for modulation of vasomotor tone and maintenance of vascular wall integrity. From these factors, nitric oxide (NO), wich is released by the endothelial cells as a response to acetylcholine or adenosine action on specific receptors, plays an important role.NO is the result of oxidation process of L-arginine into L-citrulline, under the action of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOSe), wich is activated by intracelluar Ca2+ - calmodulin complex . Our study, performed in isolated organ bath, analyzed vascular reactivity of 12 guinea pigs� thoracic aorta rings. After phenylephrine -PHE 10-5 mol/L precontraction, the dose-effect curves for acetylcoline � ACH, adenosine 5� phosphate - 5�ADP and sodium nitroprusside � SNP were determined, before and after incubation of preparation, for 1 hour, with 5% hydrosoluble cigarettes smoke extract (CSE). Statistic analysis, performed with the use of t pair test and ANOVA parametric test, showed that incubation of vascular preparation with 5% CSE has increased the contractile response to PHE 10-5 mol/L (p[0.05), has reduced the endothelium-dependent relaxing response to ATP 10-5 mol/L (p[0.001) and 5�ADP 10-5 molo/L (p[0.001), but has not significantly modified the endothelium-independent relaxing response to SNP 10-5 mol/L (p=0.05). As a conclusion, vascular rings incubation with 5% CSE induced a decrease of endothelium NO synthesis under the action of AXH and 5�ADP, but did not change the smooth muscle fiber respomse in the presence of NO released by SNP.

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Experimental Study on Determination of Compressive Strength of Ground Nut Shell Ash on Partial Replacement with Cement

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ◽

10.22214/ijraset.2017.8211 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol V (VIII) ◽

pp. 1492-1496

Author(s):

N.Venkata Lakshmi

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Partial Replacement

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Influence of layer separation on the determination of stomach smooth muscle properties

Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00424-021-02568-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mischa Borsdorf ◽

Markus Böl ◽

Tobias Siebert

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Muscle Fibers ◽

Smooth Muscles ◽

Muscle Layer ◽

Uniaxial Tensile ◽

Muscle Properties ◽

Layer Separation ◽

Isotonic Contractions ◽

Longitudinal Layer

AbstractUniaxial tensile experiments are a standard method to determine the contractile properties of smooth muscles. Smooth muscle strips from organs of the urogenital and gastrointestinal tract contain multiple muscle layers with different muscle fiber orientations, which are frequently not separated for the experiments. During strip activation, these muscle fibers contract in deviant orientations from the force-measuring axis, affecting the biomechanical characteristics of the tissue strips. This study aimed to investigate the influence of muscle layer separation on the determination of smooth muscle properties. Smooth muscle strips, consisting of longitudinal and circumferential muscle layers (whole-muscle strips [WMS]), and smooth muscle strips, consisting of only the circumferential muscle layer (separated layer strips [SLS]), have been prepared from the fundus of the porcine stomach. Strips were mounted with muscle fibers of the circumferential layer inline with the force-measuring axis of the uniaxial testing setup. The force–length (FLR) and force–velocity relationships (FVR) were determined through a series of isometric and isotonic contractions, respectively. Muscle layer separation revealed no changes in the FLR. However, the SLS exhibited a higher maximal shortening velocity and a lower curvature factor than WMS. During WMS activation, the transversally oriented muscle fibers of the longitudinal layer shortened, resulting in a narrowing of this layer. Expecting volume constancy of muscle tissue, this narrowing leads to a lengthening of the longitudinal layer, which counteracted the shortening of the circumferential layer during isotonic contractions. Consequently, the shortening velocities of the WMS were decreased significantly. This effect was stronger at high shortening velocities.

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