scholarly journals COMPARISON OF DIFFERRENT LABORATORY METHODS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-158
Author(s):  
MOHAMMED ABDUL AZIZ KADIR ◽  
SUHAIR TARIQ ELYASSIN
Keyword(s):  
Staining Technique ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Flotation Technique

 The present study was carried on to compare several methods for identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts sp. which conclude modified acid fast stain, Sheather's flotation solutions, Ritchi formal-ether sedimentation solutions, noval stain and iodine technique. The modified acid-fast stain and its combination with formal – ether technique gave the best demonstration 100%. The most reliable technique for identification of oocysts was formal-ether concentration combination with modified acid fast stain (100%), followed by using modified acid fast stain only (97%), sucrose flotation technique (90%) novel staining technique (85%), formal ether concentration (84%), and iodine technique (69%) respectively.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Helminth Ova on Dried Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) Sold in Kaduna State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
D. O. Esonu ◽  
G. S. N. Kia ◽  
O. Evelyn ◽  
S. Mathias
Keyword(s):  
Procambarus Clarkii ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Flotation Technique

Abstract Cryptosporidium spp. and helminths are responsible for diarrhoal illness in humans and many other animals. The transmission routes of these parasites suggest a risk for human infection through contaminated foods. In order to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth ova on dried crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) sold in Zaria and Kaduna Central market, Kaduna State, 100 crayfish samples were examined using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique for Cryptosporidium oocyst and the flotation technique for helminth ova. The measurements of the oocysts from the positive samples were estimated by using a calibrated microscope eyepiece. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in dried crayfish was 20.0 % while the location-based prevalence was 43.3 %, 5.0 %, and 12.0 % for Sabo, Samaru and Kaduna central market, respectively. Micrometry revealed that the oocysts size ranged from 3.68 µm to 4.7 µm. Also, the prevalence of helminth ova in dried crayfish was 19 %, while the specific prevalence based on location showed a higher prevalence in Sabo (30.0 %) than in Kaduna central market (18.0 %) and Samaru (5.0 %). The helminth eggs recovered from this study included: Toxocara spp. (4.0 %), Ascaris spp. (7.0 %), Trichuris spp. (4.0 %), Schistosoma spp. (2.0 %), Ancylostoma spp. (1.0 %), and Capillaria spp. (1.0 %). The analysis of the questionnaires revealed that 71 (71.0 %) of the respondents ate uncooked cray-fish and 44.0 % used their bare hands to handle the cray-fish. There was no statistically significant association (P > 0.05) between the prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts or helminth ova and the locations sampled. This study has shown that dried crayfish obtained from markets within the study area were contaminated with parasite ova and oocysts, thus public enlightenment on the dangers of the consumption of raw or undercooked dried crayfish should be well publicized.

scholarly journals Comparison Between The Efficacy Of Different Laboratory Methods For Diagnosis Of Cryptosporidium

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 244-256
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Kadir ◽  
Nazakat F. Othman ◽  
Yahya G. Salman
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Malachite Green ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Paediatric Hospital ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts

This study was performed to detect the effective laboratory method for diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp. in patients attending the laboratories of Al-Tameem General Hospital and Kirkuk Paediatric Hospital in Kirkuk city, for the period from the beginning of January to end of August 2000..  It was shown that the modified Ziehl-Neelsens stain (hot method) with methylene blue (counter stain) was most efficient in identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts (4.36%), followed by malachite green (counter stain) (1.94%) and modified Ziehl-Neelsen (cold method) with malachite green (counter stain), safranin methylene blue, lugol s iodine preparation (mounting) (0.97%) for each and the modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain (cold method) with methylene blue (counter stain) was the least efficient (0.84%). .

scholarly journals Epidemiological study of Cryptosporidiosis in Calves and Man in Baghdad

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-121
Author(s):  
Alea Y. Yaqoob ◽  
Ismail K. Shubber ◽  
May H. Kawan
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Total Rate ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Neonatal Calves ◽  
Diarrheic Calves ◽  
Very High

A total of 622 fecal samples were collected from 3-30 days old calves, of both sexes. All samples were obtained from 3 groups according to stat of feces: Watrey diarrhea, pasty and normal, from May to December, 2000 in AL-Ishaki farms. Also, 400 stool samples from children at the age of 1-10 years suffered from watery diarrhea and 100 samples from workers in farms more than 20 years old, of both sexes, from December 2000 to May 2001. Two laboratory methods were used to identify Cryptosporidium oocysts: Modified Cold Ziehl Neelsen stain and flotation with sheather's solution. This study recorded a total rate of infection in neonatal calves 35.04%, with highest rate 53.80% in diarrheic calves and 27.62% in calves with pasty feces and lowest rate 16.45% in normal. Also recorded a highest rate of infection 45.56% in calves 3-7 days old and lowest 10% in calves 22-30 days old. In regarded to seasonal variation, the highest rate of infection recorded 54.94% in August and lowest 17.47% in July. This study showed that the sensitivity of Modified Cold Ziehl Neelsen diagnostic stain was very high 100% in comparison with flotation diagnostic method were the percentage of positive cases: 50.44%, 17.39% and 15.38% in the three groups of calves according to state of feces.  A total rate of infection in human (children and workers) was 12.4%, and according to ages, this study recorded highest rate of infection 17% in 1-<3 years, and lowest 6% in workers > 20 years old. According to seasonal variation 36.58% was the highest rate of infection in January. No significant difference recorded between both sexes, the rates of infection were 10.75% and 14.05% in female and male respectively.

scholarly journals Epidemiological study of infection with intestinal protozoa: Cryptosporidium & Giardia & Eimeria in calves in Baghdad

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-133
Author(s):  
May H. Kawan
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Fecal Sample ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Total Rate ◽  
Double Infection ◽  
Intestinal Protozoa ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Flotation Technique ◽  
Triple Infection

 A total of 250 fecal samples were collected from 1->30 days old calves, of both sexes suffered from diarrhea, from 3 different farms in Baghdad: Al-Ishaki 120 samples, Al Nasser 80 samples and 7 Nissan 50 samples. Three diagnostic methodes were used for each fecal sample for detection of single and mixed infection with intestinal protozoa: Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Eimeria: Modified Zehil Neelson stain and Ligol's iodine stain and flotation technique with zinic sulphate solution for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts and Eimeria oocysts respectively.  This study recorded a total rate of infection with intestinal protozoa 37.6%, and rate of single & mixed infection in 3 farms 21.2% & 16.4% respectively.  The total rate of single infection with Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Eimeria were 52.8%, 26.4% and 20.7% respectively.  For mixed infection, this study recorded a total rate of double infection with Cryptosporidium & Giardia, Cryptosporidium & Eimeria and Giardia & Eimeria: 46.3%, 34.1% and 9.75% respectively, while a total rate of triple infection with 3 intestinal protozoa was 9.75% in 3 farms.  The result of this study revealed the relation between ages, sexes of calves with single and mixed infection with intestinal protozoa. The highest number of calves with single  infection with Cryptosporidium were 12 in age of 1-10 days, with Giardia 6 calves in age of each 21-30 and >30 days, and with Eimeria 10 calves with age of >30 days. For mixed infection, the highest number of calves with double infection by Cryptosporidium & Giardia, Cryptosporidium & Eimeria and Giardia & Eimeria: 10 calves in age of 21-30 days, 10 and 4 calves in age of >30 days respectively, while the highest number of calves infected with triple infection by three intestinal protozoa were 4 calves in >30 days of age.  Sexes of calves have no effect on the rate of single and mixed infection with three intestinal protozoa. 

scholarly journals Prevalence and Viability of Toxocara spp. Eggs in Soil of Public Parks in Northwestern Mexico

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Israel VARGAS NAVA ◽  
Nohemí CASTRO DEL CAMPO ◽  
Idalia ENRÍQUEZ VERDUGO ◽  
Jesús José PORTILLO LOERA ◽  
Claudia Leonor BARRAZA TIZOC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staining Technique ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
High Viability ◽  
Zoonotic Parasite ◽  
Flotation Technique ◽  
Northwestern Mexico ◽  
Low Prevalence

Background: Toxocara spp. is a zoonotic parasite that can infect human; children are the largest group at risk of infection. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and viability of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of public parks. Methods: Overall, 1180 soil samples from 236 public parks in four sectors of the city of Culiacan were collected at random, between Jun and Dec, 2013. The presence of Toxocara spp. eggs was determined by light microscopy using a centrifugation-flotation technique and viability by trypan blue staining technique. Results: Of the 236 parks sampled, 18 were positive to Toxocara spp. resulting in a prevalence of 7.6% and viability of 94.4% with a P<0.05. Detection of Toxocara spp.in soil samples was 16.5% and viability 94.7% with a P<0.05. Parks positive to Toxocara spp., had sports fields and playgrounds (94.4%), trees and green areas (88.8%). Conclusion: Although a low prevalence of Toxoxara spp. eggs in the soil of public parks was found, they exhibited high viability, suggesting that the soil from these public parks is a source of infection for pets and humans especially children.

scholarly journals STAINING TECHNIQUE TO ASSESS FREEZE INJURY IN OVERWINTERING BUDS OF `DANKA' BLACK CURRANT

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 654g-654
Author(s):  
Fumiomi Takeda ◽  
R. Arora ◽  
M. Wisniewski ◽  
M. Warmund
Keyword(s):  
Staining Technique ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Freeze Injury ◽  
Floral Buds ◽  
Reduction Assay ◽  
Floral Primordia ◽  
Floral Bud

`Danka' black currant floral buds produce multiple low temperature exotherms (LTEs). However, the absence of visual injury symbtoms in the buds after exposure to subfreezing temperatures make it difficult to assess injury in these buds. A 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction assay was used to determine whether LTEs corresponded to freezing injury of individual floral primordia or to the entire floral axis. Intact buds were cooled at 3C/n, removed at 3C intervals from -12 to -33C, and thawed on ice for 24 h. Duplicate samples were subjected to differential thermal analysis. Freeze injury Could not be measured with TTC in thawed, intact buds. However, incubation of excised floral primordia in TTC resulted in an all or nothing response. The number of LTES did not correspond to the number of floral primordia killed within a floral bud, but the median LTE did correspond with the temperature at which lethal injury of the whole inflorescence occurred. Therefore, preliminary results indicate that TTC reduction assay of individual floral buds is a fast, reliable technique to assess bud injury.

Recent Applications of High Resolution Electron Microscopy to Crystalline Arrays of Virus Particles

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Image Processing ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Diffraction ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Wide Range

The technique of surrounding virus particles with a neutralised electron dense stain was described at the Fourth International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Berlin 1958 (see Home & Brenner, 1960, p. 625). For many years the negative staining technique in one form or another, has been applied to a wide range of biological materials. However, the full potential of the method has only recently been explored following the development and applications of optical diffraction and computer image analytical techniques to electron micrographs (cf. De Hosier & Klug, 1968; Markham 1968; Crowther et al., 1970; Home & Markham, 1973; Klug & Berger, 1974; Crowther & Klug, 1975). These image processing procedures have allowed a more precise and quantitative approach to be made concerning the interpretation, measurement and reconstruction of repeating features in certain biological systems.

The Reaction of Brain Structures with OsO4-Zinc-Iodide Stain

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
Werner J. Niklowitz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Mossy Fiber ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Hippocampal Tissue ◽  
Zinc Iodide

After intoxication of rabbits with certain substances such as convulsant agents (3-acetylpyridine), centrally acting drugs (reserpine), or toxic metal compounds (tetraethyl lead) a significant observation by phase microscope is the loss of contrast of the hippocampal mossy fiber layer. It has been suggested that this alteration, as well as changes seen with the electron microscope in the hippocampal mossy fiber boutons, may be related to a loss of neurotransmitters. The purpose of these experiments was to apply the OsO4-zinc-iodide staining technique to the study of these structural changes since it has been suggested that OsO4-zinc-iodide stain reacts with neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, catecholamines).Domestic New Zealand rabbits (2.5 to 3 kg) were used. Hippocampal tissue was removed from normal and experimental animals treated with 3-acetylpyridine (antimetabolite of nicotinamide), reserpine (anti- hypertensive/tranquilizer), or iproniazid (antidepressant/monamine oxidase inhibitor). After fixation in glutaraldehyde hippocampal tissue was treated with OsO4-zinc-iodide stain and further processed for phase and electron microscope studies.

A Comparative Study of Fractographic Replicas

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 566-567
Author(s):  
Loren Anderson ◽  
Pat Pizzo ◽  
Glen Haydon
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Direct Examination ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Service Failures ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Mode Of Failure ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Scanning Electron

Transmission electron microscopy of replicas has long been used to study the fracture surfaces of components which fail in service. Recently, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) has gained popularity because it allows direct examination of the fracture surface. However, the somewhat lower resolution of the SEM coupled with a restriction on the sample size has served to limit the use of this instrument in investigating in-service failures. It is the intent of this paper to show that scanning electron microscopic examination of conventional negative replicas can be a convenient and reliable technique for determining mode of failure.

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