scholarly journals Epidemiological study of infection with intestinal protozoa: Cryptosporidium & Giardia & Eimeria in calves in Baghdad

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-133
Author(s):  
May H. Kawan
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Fecal Sample ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Total Rate ◽  
Double Infection ◽  
Intestinal Protozoa ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Flotation Technique ◽  
Triple Infection

 A total of 250 fecal samples were collected from 1->30 days old calves, of both sexes suffered from diarrhea, from 3 different farms in Baghdad: Al-Ishaki 120 samples, Al Nasser 80 samples and 7 Nissan 50 samples. Three diagnostic methodes were used for each fecal sample for detection of single and mixed infection with intestinal protozoa: Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Eimeria: Modified Zehil Neelson stain and Ligol's iodine stain and flotation technique with zinic sulphate solution for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts and Eimeria oocysts respectively.  This study recorded a total rate of infection with intestinal protozoa 37.6%, and rate of single & mixed infection in 3 farms 21.2% & 16.4% respectively.  The total rate of single infection with Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Eimeria were 52.8%, 26.4% and 20.7% respectively.  For mixed infection, this study recorded a total rate of double infection with Cryptosporidium & Giardia, Cryptosporidium & Eimeria and Giardia & Eimeria: 46.3%, 34.1% and 9.75% respectively, while a total rate of triple infection with 3 intestinal protozoa was 9.75% in 3 farms.  The result of this study revealed the relation between ages, sexes of calves with single and mixed infection with intestinal protozoa. The highest number of calves with single  infection with Cryptosporidium were 12 in age of 1-10 days, with Giardia 6 calves in age of each 21-30 and >30 days, and with Eimeria 10 calves with age of >30 days. For mixed infection, the highest number of calves with double infection by Cryptosporidium & Giardia, Cryptosporidium & Eimeria and Giardia & Eimeria: 10 calves in age of 21-30 days, 10 and 4 calves in age of >30 days respectively, while the highest number of calves infected with triple infection by three intestinal protozoa were 4 calves in >30 days of age.  Sexes of calves have no effect on the rate of single and mixed infection with three intestinal protozoa. 

scholarly journals Interaction of Arsenophonus with Wolbachia in Nilaparvata lugens

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huifang Guo ◽  
Na Wang ◽  
Hongtao Niu ◽  
Dongxiao Zhao ◽  
Zhichun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Double Infection ◽  
Infection Incidence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Geographic Populations ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Symbiont Species ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Abstract Background Co-infection of endosymbionts in the same host is ubiquitous, and the interactions of the most common symbiont Wolbachia with other symbionts, including Spiroplasma et al., in invertebrate organisms have received increasing attention. However, the interactions between Wolbachia and Arsenophonus, another widely distributed symbiont in nature, are poorly understood. We tested the co-infection of Wolbachia and Arsenophonus in different populations of Nilaparvata lugens and investigated whether co-infection affected the population size of the symbionts in their host. Results A significant difference was observed in the co-infection incidence of Wolbachia and Arsenophonus among 5 populations of N. lugens from China, with nearly half of the individuals in the Zhenjiang population harbouring the two symbionts simultaneously, and the rate of occurrence was significantly higher than that of the other 4 populations. The Arsenophonus density in the superinfection line was significantly higher only in the Maanshan population compared with that of the single-infection line. Differences in the density of Wolbachia and Arsenophonus were found in all the tested double-infection lines, and the dominant symbiont species varied with the population only in the Nanjing population, with Arsenophonus the overall dominant symbiont. Conclusions Wolbachia and Arsenophonus could coexist in N. lugens, and the co-infection incidence varied with the geographic populations. Antagonistic interactions were not observed between Arsenophonus and Wolbachia, and the latter was the dominant symbiont in most populations.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminthes (STH) Infection among Children Aged 2-17 Years in Urban and Rural Areas of Dhaka District in Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sultana Shahana Banu ◽  
Be-Nazir Ahmed ◽  
Shamim Jubayer ◽  
Sultana Gulshana Banu ◽  
Khorsed Ara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Double Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Study

A multi-staged cross sectional study was conducted among children aged 2 -17 years to assess the level of soil transmitted helminthes (ST H) infections and its relation to socio-demographic characteristics among them. Two thousand children were randomly selected from two rural and four different communities of urban areas of Dhaka district since November 2009 to June 2010. Four different communities classified as higher, medium, poorer and slum/ low socio-economic groups from urban areas were selected on the basis of their place of residence with different socio-economic status. Urban study subjects were again sub grouped into upper (higher and medium socio-economic) and lower (poorer and slum/low socio-economic) classes. Stool specimens of the respondents were collected and tested at the Parasitology department of I E DCR , using the Kato-katz faecal technique for identification of helminthes eggs following their morphology (A. lumbricoides, Ttrichiura, and A. duodenale), and larval stage (S. stercoralis). About 32.15% study population harbored at least one of the four helminthes species. Baseline prevalence of infections and mean parasite loads for Ascaris lumbricoides were 40.61% and 600.80 e/g, for Trichuris trichiura 30.42% and 206.11e/g, and for A. duodenale 6.80% and 78.75 e/g. Three children (0.49%) were positive for Strongyloides stercoralis. Single infection of 78.32 % and double infection of 21.68 % were recorded. Single infection of A. lumbricoides (40.61%) and T trichiura (30.42%) and double infection of A. lumbricoides - T trichiura (18.61%) were more prevalent. T he prevalence of ST H infection was 25.47 % and 38.68 % for rural and urban areas respectively (P<.001). Among urban study subjects, the distribution of ST H infection was 0.0 % in the higher (living in higher socioeconomic areas) (only 3 samples could be collected), 26.75 % in medium (living in medium socio-economic areas), 45.95 % in poorer and 50.54 % in slum/low socio-economic groups. Significantly higher number of ST H infection was observed among lower than that in upper socio-economic classes (P <.001). These results suggest that ST H infections remain a serious health problem among children in Bangladesh and need appropriate prevention and control measures.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v5i2.16933 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2011; 05 (02): 16-22

Population dynamics of an arid zone mistletoe (Amyema preissii, Loranthaceae) and its host Acacia victoriae (Mimosaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Stafford Smith ◽  
Nick Reid
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Double Infection ◽  
Establishment Success ◽  
Branch Diameter ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Infected Tree ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Triple Infection

The principal host of the mistletoe, Amyema preissii, near Alice Springs is the short-lived, fast-growing tree, Acacia victoriae. In order to describe the dynamics of their interaction, the fate, size and phenology of mistletoes were monitored in natural host stands, infection experiments were conducted to determine establishment success and growth rates of seedlings, hosts were repeatedly disinfected in a 14.6-ha paddock surrounded by infected source trees, and mistletoe reinvasion of disinfected trees was monitored. In the unmanipulated population of A. victoriae, 46–54% of trees (> 2 m in height) were infected (5.8–6.7 mistletoes per infected tree). Establishment percentage of mistletoe seeds deployed on host branches varied between 11–24% after 12–23 months, and most naturally-dispersed seedlings established on branches ≤ 20 mm in diameter. Estimates of natural mistletoe dispersal to uninfected trees varied between 2 and 12 seeds per infected tree over periods of 8–23 months. Examination of young mistletoes showed that 24% of 122 clumps consisted of more than one mistletoe, with 27 occurrences of double infection and two occurrences of triple infection at the same point on the host branch. Mistletoes grew rapidly: in one sown cohort, plants achieved canopy diameters of 152–170 cm within 18–23 months, and half were flowering 15 months after germination. In unmanipulated populations, the largest mistletoes had a maximum canopy diameter of 250 cm and a maximum host branch diameter proximal to the haustorium of 100 mm, but modal sizes of these measures were 80–120 cm and < 10 mm, respectively. Turnover in the host population in the disinfection paddock was rapid: 60% of trees died between 1990 and 1995, mortality being balanced by recruitment. In unmanipulated stands of host trees, larger trees were more likely to be infected and supported larger numbers of mistletoes per tree than small trees. Once mistletoes had been removed from trees in the disinfection paddock, larger trees were still disproportionately infected by reinvading mistletoes and trees that had been infected previously were more likely to be reinfected. In order to fully describe the spatial and temporal dynamics of this host–mistletoe combination, further studies are needed of mistletoe persistence and mortality through time and annual seed production as a function of mistletoe size.

The presence of filarial parasites of dogs in Serrae Province

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. FOUNTA (Α. ΦΟΥΝΤΑ) ◽  
Y. THEODORIDIS (Ι. ΘΕΟΔΩΡΙΔΗΣ) ◽  
S. FRYDAS (Σ. ΦΡΥΔΑΣ) ◽  
S. CHLIOUNAKIS (Σ. ΧΛΕΙΟΥΝΑΚΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Dirofilaria Repens ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Parasitic Species ◽  
Significant Difference

Blood samples of 252 male and female dogs, aged between 7 months and 12 years, different races, and usefulness (utilities), which came from lowland and demi-highland and highland districts of Serrae province, of Macedonia-Greece. The purpose of this survey was to find out the infected dogs with filarial parasites. Ninety six (38,1%) out of the examined dogs were found to be infected with one or more parasitic species. The 86 (34,13%) dogs were infected with Dirofilaria immitis, the 84 (33,33%) dogs were infected with Dirofilaria repens and the 10 (3,97%) dogs were infected with Dipetalonema reconditum. Single infection, with Dirofilaria immitis was observed in 9, with Dirofilaria repens in 7, whereas, no single infection with Dipetalonema reconditum were observed. Mixed infection with Dirofilaria immitis + Dirafilaria repens were observed in 66, with Dirofilaria immitis + Dipetalonema reconditum were observed in 2, with Dirofilaria repens + Dipetalonema reconditum in 2 and finely, in 10 the combination with Dirofilaria immitis + Dirofilaria repens + Dipetalonema reconditum. The microfilarial burden per ml of the infected dogs fluctuated between 85 and 7.375. There were no any significant difference between the different group of dogs according sex, age, usefulness, longhair or shorthair as well as lowland and semi-highland districts, on the percentage of infected or microfilarial population of each.

scholarly journals Mixed haemosporidian infections are associated with higher fearfulness in Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava)

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Marinov ◽  
C. Marchetti ◽  
D. Dimitrov ◽  
M. Ilieva ◽  
P. Zehtindjiev
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Blood Parasite ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Yellow Wagtail ◽  
Parasite Infections ◽  
Single Genus

Blood parasite infections have been shown to influence behavioural traits of their avian hosts, in particular activity level and boldness. Following the hypothesis that a mixed infection by different parasite species should have higher effects than single-species infections, we analysed activity and boldness in wild-caught Yellow Wagtails (Motacilla flava L., 1758), a trans-Saharan migrant, during the energetically demanding spring migration. Eighty-five percent of the birds were naturally infected with Haemoproteus Kruse, 1890 or Plasmodium Marchiafava and Celli, 1885 (Sporozoa, Haemosporida) and 27% of individuals had parasites from both genera. No differences in activity were found among uninfected, single infection, and mixed infection groups. Birds with infections from both genera appeared to be more fearful when first introduced to a cage. These birds also tended to be less likely to approach a novel object compared with uninfected birds and birds infected by a single genus only.

scholarly journals Gambaran Infeksi Soil Transmitted Helminth Pada Petani Di Desa Gelgel Kabupaten Klungkung

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Putu indah Budi apsari ◽  
Ni Wayan Winianti ◽  
Heny Arwati ◽  
Yoes Prijatna Dachlan
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stool Samples

Soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections is kind of helminth infection which transmitted by contact with warm and moist soil especially affect the farmer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the profile of STH infection and the intensity of STH infection among farmers in Gelgel Village, Klungkung, Bali. The cross sectional study was conducted in Gelgel Village, Klungkung District, Bali and obtained stool and quitionaires from farmers by informed consent. Kato-Katz technique was used to diagnose the STH infection and to determine the intensity of infection based on the number of eggs per gram feces (EPG). Total 162 stool samples were collected from farmers aged 25-80 years, 22 farmers was positive of STH infection and 140 farmers was negative of STH infection. The result showed prevalence of STH infection was 13,5%, single infection of A. lumbricoides was 1.85%, 9.26% of T. trichiura single infection, and 0.61% of Hookworm single infection. The mixed infection was detected that were 1.23% of  A. lumbricoides with T. trichiura, and 0.61% of A. lumbricoides  with Hookworm. STH infection is the health problem among farmer. The farmer must be admitted antihelminthic drugs for preventing and eleminating STH infection.

scholarly journals Correlation of Total IgE Level and Intensity of Infection among Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis Farmers in Klungkung Regency, Bali, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Putu Indah Budi Apsari ◽  
Heny Arwati ◽  
Yoes Prijatna Dachlan
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Ige ◽  
Spearman Test ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis

The phenomena of increasing total IgE level in Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis and its protective role in resistance of infection remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between total IgE and the intensity of Soil transmitted helminthiasis among farmers in these area. Total 162 farmer, age ranged 25-80 years participated in this cross sectional analytic study. Kato-Katz method was used to diagnose Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis and to determined infection intensity based on egg per gram (EPG). Total IgE levels were measured by enzyme linked flourescent assay (ELFA). The results of this study showed that 13,56% farmer positive  for Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis, with single infection of Ascaris lumbricoides were 1,85%, 9,26% for Trichuris trichiura, 0,61% for Hookworm and mixed infection that were 1,23% for A.lumbricoides+T.trichiura 0,61%  for A.lumbricoides+Hookworm. The intensity of infection were in mild category. Total IgE level in Soil transmitted Helminthiasis group was significantly different compared with noninfected group (p<0.05, t-test). There was significant correlation between EPG and total IgE level (r=0.667, p=0.001, Spearman test). As a conclusion total IgE level was significantly correlated with EPG, this fact can be used to develop management of Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis theraphy.

scholarly journals The clinical significance of IL-6s and IL-27s in Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhao ◽  
Yuyun Li ◽  
Wen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Infection Group ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Infection Types ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Pneumonia

Abstract Backgrounds: IL-6 is associated with the severity of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). But the relationship between IL-27 and MPP was unknown. Methods: 98 patients with MPP who were under 14 years old, were enrolled in this study and divided into mild cases and severe cases, Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) single infection group and MP mixed infection group, and low MP DNA loads group and high MP DNA loads group, by severity, infection types and DNA loads respectively. 15 children with foreign bodies for bronchus were also enrolled as control. IL-6s and IL-27s in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) from these children were measured by ELISA. Results: There were significant differences in IL-6s of BALFs from patients between mild cases and severe cases, MP single infection group and MP mixed infection group, and low MP DNA loads group and high MP DNA loads group, respectively (P﹤0.05). Compared with IL-6s of BALFs from control, IL-6 in BALFs from the 5 patient groups were significantly higher (P﹤0.05) except that from low MP DNA loads group. IL-27s in BALFs from MP mixed infection group were significantly lower than those from MP single infection group and control (P﹤0.05) respectively. Conclusion: IL-6 was firmly associated with MPP and had potential application in clinical practice while IL-27 was not related to MP infection.

scholarly journals Dynamics and within-host interaction of Theileria lestoquardi and T. ovis among naive sheep in Oman

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoyam Awad ◽  
Amal A. H. Gadalla ◽  
Milagros Postigo ◽  
Salama Al-Hamidhi ◽  
Mohammed H. Tageldin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Theileria Lestoquardi ◽  
Host Interaction

AbstractMixed species infections of Theileria spp. are common in nature. Experimental and epidemiological data suggest that mixed species infections elicit cross-immunity that can modulate pathogenicity and disease burden at the population level. The present study examined within-host interactions, over a period of 13 months during natural infections with two Theileria spp., pathogenic (T. lestoquardi) and non-pathogenic (T. ovis), amongst a cohort of naive sheep in Oman. In the first two months after exposure to infection, a high rate of mortality was seen among sheep infected with T. lestoquardi alone. However, subsequently mixed-infections of T. lestoquardi and T. ovis prevailed, and no further death occurred. The overall densities of both parasite species were significantly higher as single infection vs mixed infection and the higher relative density of pathogenic T. lestoquardi indicated a competitive advantage over T. ovis in mixed infection. The density of both species fluctuated significantly over time, with no difference in density between the very hot (May to August) and warm season (September to April). A high degree of genotype multiplicity was seen among T. lestoquardi infections, which increased with rising parasite density. Our results illustrate a potential competitive interaction between the two ovine Theileria spp., and a substantial reduction in the risk of mortality in mixed parasite infections, indicating that T. ovis confers heterologous protection against lethal T. lestoquardi infection.

scholarly journals Prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis, risk factors and associated disorders: Knowledge of inhabitants and professionals in Fulbaria, Mymensingh

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anindita Rani Bhowmick ◽  
Hamida Khanum
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Blood Test ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Double Infection ◽  
Dipstick Test ◽  
Kala Azar

A total of 215 cases were recorded from the rural areas of Fulbaria upazila during June 2015 to May 2016. The prevalence of kala-azar was higher in male (51.22%) than female (36.96%). In the area, 10.1 - 20 years age group was the most prevalent group and the prevalence was found to decrease with the increase of age. Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) was developed in 38.14% of kala-azar patients of Fulbaria upazila. The prevalence of kala-azar was found 63.89% in mud house dwellers and when living in tin shed house but with earthen floor, the prevalence was 58.79%. On the other hand, 10.31% had single infection with kala-azar, 21.65% had double infection and 68.04% had multiple infection. Living in proximity to prior case, climatic change, racked mud house, humid area, cattle sheds made of cracked mud walls, lack of awareness and knowledge regarding kala azar were the risk factors. Total 45 professionals were interviewed in the Upazila Health Complex and Upazila Sub-Centers of the study area through a preset questionnaire. Of them, 71.11% had the appropriate acquaintance about the agent (Leishmania donovani) of kala-azar and 35.29% professionals had the correct comprehension regarding the reservoir of kala-azar (man). Most of them (91.11%) recommended rK 39 dipstick test as the single most important diagnostic blood test and Miltefosine and Amphotericin B are the most recommended drugs for treatment of kala-azar.Bangladesh J. Zool. 45(1): 73-83, 2017

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