scholarly journals An International Perspective on Pakistani Human Capital Investments in the Last Quarter Century

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jere R. Behrman ◽  
Ryan Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Investment Policies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Capital Investments ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this paper is to place Pakistani human capital investments in the past quarter century in an international perspective. As background, a simple analytical perspective is presented first. Then empirical experience from various developing countries is summarised. This relates to some dimensions of the determinants and the impact of human capital investments and related policies. Next, various dimensions of Pakistani human capital investments in schooling and health are compared with the international experience of the past quarter century, controlling for per capita income and initial literacy rates and subject to caveates about such comparisons. These comparisons suggest that, in the aggregate, Pakistan has had relatively low investments in schooling and relatively high investments in health. Consideration of the composition of these investments suggests that, in a comparative sense, Pakistani investments have been skewed towards higher rather than basic education, towards physician-intensive curative rather than basic preventative health care, towards males relative to females, and towards middleand upper-income groups that tend to benefit more from post-primary schooling and from physician-related health services. The concluding section speculates on the implications of this perspective for Pakistani human capital investment policies.

Promotion Signaling and Human Capital Investments

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Waldman ◽  
Ori Zax
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Investment Decisions ◽  
Human Capital Investment ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Human Capital Investments ◽  
Asymmetric Learning ◽  
Specific Human Capital ◽  
Investment Choices

In a world characterized by asymmetric learning, promotions can serve as signals of worker ability, and this, in turn, can result in inefficient promotion decisions. If the labor market is competitive, the result will be practices that reduce this distortion. We explore how this logic affects human capital investment decisions. We show that, if commitment is possible, investments will be biased toward the accumulation of firm-specific human capital. We also consider what happens when commitment is not possible and show a number of results including that, if investment choices are not publicly observable, choices are frequently efficient. (JEL D82, J24, J31, M12, M51)

scholarly journals Human Capital Investment and the Gender Division of Labor in a Brawn-Based Economy

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (7) ◽  
pp. 3531-3560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark M Pitt ◽  
Mark R Rosenzweig ◽  
Mohammad Nazmul Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Human Capital Investment ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Activity Choice ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Gender Differentials ◽  
Gender Division Of Labor ◽  
Human Capital Investments

A model of human capital investment and activity choice is used to explain facts describing gender differentials in the levels and returns to human capital investments and occupational choice. These include the higher return to and level of schooling, the small effect of healthiness on wages, and the large effect of healthiness on schooling for females relative to males. The model incorporates gender differences in the level and responsiveness of brawn to nutrition in a Roy-economy setting in which activities reward skill and brawn differentially. Evidence from rural Bangladesh provides support for the model and the importance of the distribution of brawn.

Addressing Human Capital Risks and the Role of Institutional Complementarities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Dräbing ◽  
Moira Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Investment Policies ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Labour Market Transitions ◽  
Human Capital Investments ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Market Transitions

Human capital investments are at the core of the SIA. In the knowledge-based service economy, the SIA is a promising model for how to ensure economic growth and social cohesion simultaneously through investments in human capital. Yet investing in human capital raises challenges that require attention towards how people accumulate skills and retain these over time. Due to particular features of human capital, this chapter argues, a comprehensive approach is needed that both incentivizes skill acquisition over the life course and protects acquired skills via policies that facilitate labour-market transitions, thus enabling reintegration into the labour market. The discussion elaborates on ways in which social investment policies are complementary to each other, with particular attention to how policies that invest in skills complement policies that protect these skill investments. Evidence for such institutional complementarities is assessed through descriptive statistics and a vignette analysis of the Swedish case.

scholarly journals The Impact of Ownership Structure on Wage Intensity in Japanese Corporations

2005 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Yoshikawa ◽  
Phillip H. Phan ◽  
Parthiban David
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Firm Performance ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Human Capital Investments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Japanese Corporations

The authors studied the effect of ownership structure on human capital investments as indicated by wage intensity, defined as the ratio of expenditure on employee wages to sales, in a sample of 996 Japanese manufacturing firms during their economic recession of 1998-2002. They found that domestic shareholders, with interests beyond financial considerations, enhance wage intensity, especially when performance is low, and thereby safeguard human capital investments. Foreign shareholders with sole interest in financial returns have an opposite effect; they reduce wage intensity when firm performance is low.

scholarly journals Relationship between Human Capital Investment and Employees’ Work Efficiency in ATAP Bauchi: The Relevance of TETFund Interventions

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Hashim Sabo Bello
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Human Capital Investment ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Work Efficiency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Human Capital Investments

As it is an established fact that, no nation or organization develops beyond the intellectual ability of its human resources. Nowadays, investment on human capital is paramount to sustain labour force participation in the progress and development of higher education in Nigeria. Besides, the Nigerian Universities and Colleges of Education, the polytechnic system provides another option for higher education in Nigeria where Certificates, National Diploma and Higher National Diploma courses are offered and awarded. The study aimed at evaluating the relevance of TETFund intervention on human capital investments and its bearing to employees’ work efficiency in the polytechnic communities in Bauchi state to be specific and Nigeria by extension. This study generates data from quantitative and qualitative sources, using questionnaire instrument to randomly collect a cross sectional data from one of the two (2) existing polytechnics in Bauchi state of Nigeria. A total of 45 structured questionnaires were administered on our respondents and 44 were valid for analysis. The research adopted the descriptive statistics as well as the Chi-square, X2, to analyze the results and test the hypothesis to give the tentative prediction about the nature of the relationship between the research variables. Thus the research believes that there is a significant relationship between TETFund intervention in human capital investment and employees’ work efficiency within educational polytechnic system in Nigeria. This research study recommended for the public organizations in Nigeria especially the education institutions to harnessed and take full advantage of the reciprocal benefits of human capital investments and the work efficiency in educational tertiary institutions as this will go a long way to raise organizational achievement towards an end with the least amount of resources.

scholarly journals The Changing Selectivity of American Colleges

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline M. Hoxby
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
College Education ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Student Body ◽  
Ivy League ◽  
College Selectivity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Selective Colleges ◽  
Human Capital Investments ◽  
Student Resources

Over the past few decades, the average college has not become more selective: the reverse is true, though not dramatically. People who believe that college selectivity is increasing may be extrapolating from the experience of a small number of colleges such as members of the Ivy League, Stanford, Duke, and so on. These colleges have experienced rising selectivity, but their experience turns out to be the exception rather than the rule. Only the top 10 percent of colleges are substantially more selective now than they were in 1962. Moreover, at least 50 percent of colleges are substantially less selective now than they were in 1962. To understand changing selectivity, we must focus on how the market for college education has re-sorted students among schools as the costs of distance and information have fallen. In the past, students' choices were very sensitive to the distance of a college from their home, but today, students, especially high-aptitude students, are far more sensitive to a college's resources and student body. It is the consequent re-sorting of students among colleges that has, at once, caused selectivity to rise in a small number of colleges while simultaneously causing it to fall in other colleges. This has had profound implications for colleges' resources, tuition, and subsidies for students. I demonstrate that the stakes associated with choosing a college are greater today than they were four decades ago because very selective colleges are offering very large per-student resources and per-student subsidies, enabling admitted students to make massive human capital investments.

scholarly journals How the validation of prior learning can be used to assess entrepreneurial human capital investments and outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Fahrenbach
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Prior Learning ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Capital Investments ◽  
Entrepreneurial Human Capital

Purpose This paper aims to depart from the premise that human capital investments and human capital outcomes are often tacit – an aspect, which is often neglected in the current literature on entrepreneurial human capital. The idea of this conceptual paper is to shed light on the social process of how human capital investments and human capital outcomes can be valued and made visible through the validation of prior learning. Thus, this study conceptualises the validation of prior learning as a post hoc, the reflective process through which an aspiring entrepreneur is guided. Design/methodology/approach This paper is conceptual and introduces a process model. Findings Findings indicate that the process of the validation of prior learning is well-suitable to inform aspiring entrepreneurs of their investments into human capital and their human capital outcomes. The process results in a (partial) certified qualification that provides entrepreneurial legitimacy. Research limitations/implications Thus far, the model is conceptual and should be validated via interviews and further empirical studies in the field. Practical implications Literature in the field of entrepreneurial human capital suggests that human capital outcomes are more important for success than inputs. Furthermore, context-specific knowledge, skills and abilities are more important than generalised outcomes. These findings have implications for the design of validation procedures. Originality/value Human capital has only been recently conceptualised as consisting of human capital investments and outcomes of human capital investment. However, thus far the literature falls short in acknowledging the tacit nature of human capital investments and human capital outcomes. This paper contributes a structured process of how human capital investments and human capital outcomes are linked and assessed. In so doing, this study extends a recent model of human capital investments and outputs (Marvel et al., 2016, p. 616).

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