Prevalence of ADHD and Its Subtypes in Male and Female Adult Prison Inmates

There are few published studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adult inmates, and even fewer studies that have considered ADHD in adult inmates by gender. The present study examined the prevalence of ADHD, its subtypes, and associated psychological and neuropsychological comorbidity as a function of gender in a sample of 3,962 inmates (3,439 men and 523 women; mean age =33.6 years, range 17–73) who had completed the 250-item, self-report, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (Text Revision) (DSM-IV-TR)-aligned Coolidge Correctional Inventory (CCI). The overall ADHD prevalence rate found was 10.5%, which is substantially higher than the rate among adults in the general population (2–5%). The female inmate ADHD prevalence rate (15.1%) was higher than the male inmate ADHD rate (9.8%), consistent with some previous studies. The most prevalent ADHD subtype for both genders was the hyperactive-impulsive subtype. The combined and inattentive ADHD subtypes had higher levels of comorbid psychopathology than the hyperactive-impulsive ADHD subtype. As the presence of ADHD and associated gender differentials may impact the success of rehabilitation and educative programs with inmates, the assessment of ADHD and comorbid psychopathology should be a priority in initial inmate screening and evaluation.

Examining gender differentials and determinants of private health insurance coverage in Zambia

Background Health insurance is an essential aspect of healthcare. This is because it enables the insured to acquire timely and essential healthcare services, besides offering financial protection from catastrophic treatment costs. This paper seeks to establish gender differentials and determinants of health insurance coverage in Zambia. Methods The data used in this study was obtained from the 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey. Data were analyzed using STATA 13.0 software and focused on descriptive and Probit regression analyses. Results The study reveals that for women and men, age, wealth category, education, and professional occupation are positively associated with health insurance while being self-employed in the agricultural sector negatively influences health insurance coverage for both sexes. Other variables have gender-specific effects. For instance, being in marital union and having a clerical occupation increases the probability of having health insurance for women while being in the services, skilled, and unskilled manual occupations increases the probability of having health insurance for men. Further, residing in rural areas reduces the probability of having health insurance for men. Conclusion The study concludes that there are differences in factors that influence health insurance between women and men. Hence, this study highlights the need to enhance health insurance coverage by addressing the different factors that influence health insurance coverage among men and women. These factors include enhancing education, job creation, diversifying insurance schemes, and gender consideration in the design of National Health Insurance Scheme.

Gender differentials in poverty among migrants in rural border communities of Oyo state, Nigeria

The study examined relative poverty among migrant men and women in rural border communities of the Oyo State. Three rural border settlements were randomly selected in Atisbo and Saki-west Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Oyo State. Two hundred and four (204) questionnaires were administered to the father and mother in 102 migrant households and 198 questionnaires were retrieved for analysis. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the study revealed that women have a higher poverty level than men. Also, the Principal Component Analysis revealed that the high loadings of factors on component one (Dwelling Conditions), for both men and women, imply inadequate living conditions. This indicates the need for improved dwelling conditions for the migrants and also the need to focus on gender-based poverty interventions especially among females, as they are more affected by poverty.

Evaluation of MENA refugees’ attitudes towards patient autonomy-based ethics of informed consent

Background The objective of this study was to identify refugees’ attitudes concerning the autonomy-based ethics of informed consent and to determine whether these attitudes varied by gender. Methods A quantitative methodology was adopted for this study. Questions were scored using a Likert-type scale and face-to-face interviews were conducted with 610 refugees who had migrated to Turkey from MENA (Middle East and North Africa) countries. Results Refugees from eleven countries participated in the survey, of whom the majority were men (62.5% male versus 37.5% female). Reasons for migration include war/security, poverty, and persecution (67.3%), and wanting to live in developed countries (81.1%). The decision to migrate was mainly decided upon either solely by males (as stated by 46.1% of participants) or by the family as a whole (39.0%). Regarding competence in spoken Turkish, most participants (58.5%) were judged to be at a moderate level. A plurality preferred to follow their doctor’s advice for treatment (42.6%), while nearly one-third deferred to the male authority figure in the family (33.1%). A majority stated that they were unaware of the concept of informed consent (63.3%). There was a significant difference between the responses of men and women with respect to the eight questions concerning informed consent. Conclusion Autonomy is a fundamental principle of human rights and medical ethics. Refugees from MENA countries, where the concept of autonomy is contrary to deeply-help traditional religious views of much of the population, in general, have a poor grasp of informed consent as a patient right. Traditional religious/cultural values steeped in patriarchy constitute an obstacle to women making decisions regarding their own lives in MENA countries. Therefore, the practice of informed consent is of critical importance in helping to reduce gender differentials in health care.

Disruption or reproduction? Nativity, gender and online dating in Canada

PurposeThe spread of the Internet has transformed the dating landscape. Given the increasing popularity of online dating and rising immigration to Canada, this study takes an intersectional lens to examine nativity and gender differentials in heterosexual online dating.Design/methodology/approachIn 2018, a random-digit-dial telephone survey was conducted in Canada. Logistic regression models were used to analyze original data from this survey (N = 1,373).FindingsResults show that immigrants are more likely than native-born people to have used online dating in Canada, possibly because international relocation makes it more difficult for immigrants to meet romantic partners in other ways. In online-to-offline transitions, both native-born and immigrant online daters follow gendered scripts where men ask women out for a first date. Finally, immigrant men, who likely have disadvantaged positions in offline dating markets, also experience the least success in finding a long-term partner online.Originality/valueExtending search theory of relationship formation to online dating, this study advances the understanding of change and continuity in gendered rituals and mate-selection processes in the digital and globalization era. Integrating search theory and intersectionality theory, this study highlights the efficiency of using the Internet to search for romantic partners and the socially constructed hierarchy of desirability as interrelated mechanisms that produce divergent online dating outcomes across social groups. Internet dating, instead of acting as an agent of social change, may reproduce normative dating practices and existing hierarchies of desirability.