Analisis Fundamental Laporan Keuangan pada PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk (UNVR) terhadap Pengambilan Keputusan Investasi

The purpose of this study was to evaluate investment choices by analyzing PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk's financial statements for the 2016-2020 period using the Price Earnings Ratio (PER) methods. Fundamental analysis was used to determine intrinsic value in the context of an investment decision using financial indicators such as Return on Equity (ROE), Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR), Earnings per Share (EPS), Dividend per Share (DPS), and Price Earnings Ratio (EPS). The data was obtained using secondary data from PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk's annual report for the period 2016-2020. The results of this study suggest that, based on the analysis of the intrinsic value of the Q2 2021 market price, PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk is an undervalued stock, and that investment decisions should be made by purchasing shares.

The economics of managing evolution

Humans are altering biological systems at unprecedented rates, and these alterations often have longer-term evolutionary impacts. Most obvious is the spread of resistance to pesticides and antibiotics. There are a wide variety of management strategies available to slow this evolution, and there are many reasons for using them. In this paper, we focus on the economic aspects of evolution management and ask: When is it economically beneficial for an individual decision-maker to invest in evolution management? We derive a simple dimensionless inequality showing that it is cost-effective to manage evolution when the percentage increase in the effective life span of the biological resource that management generates is larger than the percentage increase in annual profit that could be obtained by not managing evolution. We show how this inequality can be used to determine optimal investment choices for single decision-makers, to determine Nash equilibrium investment choices for multiple interacting decision-makers, and to examine how these equilibrium choices respond to regulatory interventions aimed at stimulating investment in evolution management. Our results are illustrated with examples involving Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops and antibiotic use in fish farming.

A RESEARCH ON THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INVESTMENT PREFERENCES

This study aims to measure the causal relationship between the dollar and euro at exchange rates among today's investment instruments and the deposit interest rate, Gold, Bist xu100 and the index of government domestic debt securities.Dec. Dec. The data in the study are daily data between 17/08/2017-26/05/2021 and were selected from a recent time Dec. Data with CBRT evds resources investing.com retrieved from. In this way, it is possible to see how variables adapt to today's financial world and the pandemic period. The method of the study is the Granger causality test, which is often used in time series analysis. When individuals make investment choices, they choose according to the fact that macro variables such as inflation, growth rate, and Exchange Rates fluctuate during periods of crisis and recession. This often affects even the credit demands of institutional investors. Central banks want to influence macro variables with various intervention tools, but because the economies of some countries are fragile, individuals can often suffer even as a result of these optimistic policies. According to the results of this study, the dependent variable in the model where the BIST100 index of the dollar and gold values, the probability of 0.000<0.05 causal relationship is true of dollars for deposit in the model where the dependent variable is the interest rate of government securities of the index, the probability value of 0.0001 p<0.05 and Bist100 index 0.0162 probability value<0.05 and the probability for the value of the dollar 0.02<0.05 can be considered to be a causal relationship due to being towards deposit rates. The probability of the dependent variable in a model of the euro BIST100 index value 0.0001 p<0.05, gold probability value of 0.000<0.05 Euros causal relationship is true for government securities in another model where the dependent variable of 0.0040 p<0.05 probability value from deposits with interest ,0.0000 p<0.05 0.0043 Bist100 index and the probability value p<0.05 is the probability for the value of government securities under de towards causality can be said. In a model in which the Bist100 index is a dependent variable, there was a causal relationship towards the Bist100 index ,as the probability value of the euro was 0.0012<0.05, the probability value of gold was 0.0000<0.05, the probability value of government domestic debt securities was 0.0013<0.05, and the probability value of the dollar was 0.0007<0.05. Finally, the model in which gold is a dependent variable concluded that there is no causal relationship between the Euro, dollar, dibs and Bist100 index and deposit interest to gold, since the probability values of other variables are greater than 0.05.

Unleveraged Portfolios and Pure Allocation Return

In asset management, the portfolio leverage affects performance, and can be subject to constraints and operational limitations. Due to the possible leverage aversion of the investors, the comparison between portfolio performances can be incomplete or misleading. We propose a procedure to unleverage the mean-variance efficient portfolios to satisfy a leverage requirement. We obtain a class of unleveraged portfolios that are homogeneous in terms of leverage, so therefore properly comparable. The proposed unleverage procedure permits isolating the pure allocation return, i.e., the return component, due to the qualitative choice of portfolio allocation, from the return component due to the portfolio leverage. Theoretical analysis and empirical evidence on actual data show that efficient mean-variance portfolios, once unleveraged, uncover mean-variance dominance relations hidden by the leverage contribution to portfolio return. Our approach may be useful to practitioners proposing to take long positions on “short assets” (e.g. inverse ETF), thereby considering short positions as active investment choices, in contrast with the usual interpretation where are used to overweight long positions.

Exploring the relationship between investment choices, cognitive abilities risk attitudes and financial literacy

PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to investigate the investment choices' relationship with cognitive abilities, risk aversion, risky investment intentions, subjective financial literacy and objective financial literacy.Design/methodology/approachTo examine the relationship, two investment choices were given to 256 subjects from Pakistan. Questionnaire had total 20 questions for measuring five variables. To review this nexus, discriminant analysis was used as to explore the depth of the nexus that is the ability of the variables to predict the investment choices.FindingsThis study establishes the findings that Investment choices are guided by risk aversion, risky investment intentions, financial literacy (subjective and objective) and cognitive abilities. The risk aversion has negative relation to investment choices and other variables depict positive relationship to with investment choices.Practical implicationsThis study provides a new and useful understanding into the existing literature on investment choices. The results are significant as the cognitive abilities show a positive contribution to the investment choices. This is point of significance as the portfolio managers and advisors would get help in regards of advising investments as they are aware what factors impact the investment choices.Originality/valueThis study is novel in its nature to evaluate investment choices using the cognitive ability alongside risk attitudes and financial literacy.

Financial Knowledge, Confidence, and Sustainable Financial Behavior

This paper analyzes the effect of financial knowledge and confidence in shaping individual investment choices, sustainable debt behavior, and preferences for socially and environmentally responsible financial companies. Exploiting data from the “Italian Literacy and Financial Competence Survey” (IACOFI) carried out by the Bank of Italy in early 2020, we address potential endogeneity concerns in order to investigate the causal effect of objective financial knowledge on individual financial behaviors. To this aim, we perform endogenous probit regressions, using the respondent’s long-term planning attitude, the use of information and communication technology devices, and the financial knowledge of peers as additional instrumental variables. Our main empirical findings show that objective financial knowledge exerts a positive and significant effect on financial market participation and preferences for ethical financial companies. Moreover, we provide strong empirical evidence about the role of confidence biases on individual financial behaviors. In particular, overconfident individuals display a higher probability of making financial investments, experiencing losses due to investment fraud, and being over-indebted. Conversely, underconfident individuals exhibit suboptimal investment choices, but are less likely to engage in risky financial behaviors.

The Economic and Climate Value of Flexibility in Green Energy Markets

This paper examines how enhanced flexibility across space, time, and a regulatory dimension affects the economic costs and CO$$_2$$ 2 emissions of integrating large shares of intermittent renewable energy from wind and solar. We develop a numerical model which resolves hourly dispatch and investment choices among heterogeneous energy technologies and natural resources in interconnected wholesale electricity markets, cross-country trade (spatial flexibility), energy storage (temporal flexibility), and tradable green quotas (regulatory flexibility). Taking the model to the data for the case of Europe’s system of interconnected electricity markets, we find that the appropriate combination of flexibility can bring about substantial gains in economic efficiency, reduce costs (up to 13.8%) and lower CO$$_2$$ 2 emissions (up to 51.2%). Regulatory flexibility is necessary to realize most of the maximum possible benefits. We also find that gains from increased flexibility are unevenly distributed and that some countries incur welfare losses.