A Short note on Linkage of Climatic Records between Terai and Mid mountain of Central Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Binod Dawadi ◽  
Ram Hari Acharya ◽  
Dipendra Lamichhane ◽  
Saroj Pudasainee ◽  
Ishwar Kumar Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Short Note ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Southern Slope ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Plain Area ◽  
Lower Elevation ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Highly Correlated

The steep South to North (S-N) gradient and complex topography results in higher variations in the spatial and temporal patterns of climate within a short distance in the southern slope of the Nepal Himalayas. Therefore, to validate the climatic linkages of climatic between the stations under two distinct topographic conditions, we examine observational climatic data from 106 m a.s.l. and 1801 m a.s.l., as a representative stations in a  plain area and hilly area of on the southern slope of the of Nepal. The analysis of 13129 daily average temperature and 13147 daily total precipitation showed that the variation in their means and distribution of daily, 5-day, 10-day, and monthly average/sum of temperature/precipitation between the stations in the different elevation. Despite of these the differences, the temperatures records are consistent in different altitudes, and highly correlated to each other while the precipitation data shows a comparatively weaker correlation. The slopes (0.85-1.6) with R2 >0.50 in the regression models for the lower elevation and higher station in Mid mountain region except monsoon season indicate the similar rate of fluctuation of temperature between the stations in the respective region. Precipitation also shows the similar trend with higher variation between the stations in the different topographic setting. These strong linkages and a similar range of fluctuation of climatic parameters in the different elevation indicate the possibilities of their use of lower elevation climatic data to represent climate in the higher elevation sites

scholarly journals Climatic records and linkage along an altitudinal gradient in the southern slope of Nepal Himalaya

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binod Dawadi
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Southern Slope ◽  
Nepal Himalaya ◽  
Lower Elevation ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Highly Correlated

To validate the climatic linkages under different topographic conditions, observational climate data at four automated weather stations (AWS) in different elevations, ranging from 130 m asl. to 5050 m asl., on the southern slope of the Nepal Himalayas was examined. the variation of means and distribution of daily, 5-days, 10-days, and monthly average/sum of temperature/ precipitation between the stations in the different elevation was observed. Despite these differences, the temperatures records are consistent in different altitudes, and highly correlated to each other while the precipitation data shows comparatively weaker correlation. The slopes (0.79-1.18) with (R2 >0.64) in the regression models for high Mountain to high Himalaya except in November and 0.56-1.14 (R2 >0.50) for mid-hill and high Mountain except January, December, June indicate the similar rate of fluctuation of temperature between the stations in the respective region. These strong linkages and the similar range of fluctuation of temperature in the different elevation indicate the possibilities of their use of lower elevation temperature data to represent the higher elevation sites for paleoclimatic calibration. However, the associations of precipitation between the stations at the different elevation are not as strong as the temperature due to heterogeneous topographical features and steep altitudinal contrast.

scholarly journals Does the High Elevation Climate along Mt. Everest can be Represented by Lower Elevation Stations?

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
Binod Dawadi ◽  
Shankar Sharma ◽  
Kalpana Hamal ◽  
Nitesh Khadka ◽  
Yam Prasad Dhital ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Southern Slope ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Lower Elevation

Climate change studies of the high mountain areas of the central Himalayan region are mostly represented by the meteorological stations of the lower elevation. Therefore, to validate the climatic linkages, daily observational climate data from five automated weather stations (AWS) at elevations ranging from 2660 m to 5600 m on the southern slope of Mt. Everest were examined. Despite variations in the means and distribution of daily, 5-day, 10-day, and monthly temperature and precipitation between stations located at a higher elevation and their corresponding lower elevation, temperature records in the different elevations are highly correlated. In contrast, the precipitation data shows a comparatively weaker correlation. The slopes of the regression model (0.82–1.13) with (R2>0.74) for higher altitude (5050 m and 5600 m) throughout the year, 0.83–1.12 (R2>0.68) except late monsoon season for the station at 4260 m and 5050 m asl indicated the similar variability of the temperature between those stations. Similarly, Namche (3570 m) temperature changes by 0.81–1.32°C per degree change in corresponding lower elevation Lukla station (2660 m), except for monsoon season. However, inconsistent variation was observed between the station with a large altitudinal difference (2940 m) at Lukla and Kala Patthar (5600 m). In general, climate records from corresponding lower elevation can be used to quantitatively assess climatic information of the high elevation areas on the southern slope of Mt. Everest. However, corrections are necessary when absolute values of climatic factors are considered, especially in snow cover and snow-free areas. This study will be beneficial for understanding the high-altitude climate change and impact studies.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Analysis of the 2019 Dengue Epidemic in Bhutan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Tsheten Tsheten ◽  
Angus Mclure ◽  
Archie C. A. Clements ◽  
Darren J. Gray ◽  
Tenzin Wangdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Preparedness Plan ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
Timely Response ◽  
National Preparedness ◽  
Dengue Epidemic

Bhutan experienced its largest and first nation-wide dengue epidemic in 2019. The cases in 2019 were greater than the total number of cases in all the previous years. This study aimed to characterize the spatiotemporal patterns and effective reproduction number of this explosive epidemic. Weekly notified dengue cases were extracted from the National Early Warning, Alert, Response and Surveillance (NEWARS) database to describe the spatial and temporal patterns of the epidemic. The time-varying, temperature-adjusted cohort effective reproduction number was estimated over the course of the epidemic. The dengue epidemic occurred between 29 April and 8 December 2019 over 32 weeks, and included 5935 cases. During the epidemic, dengue expanded from six to 44 subdistricts. The effective reproduction number was <3 for most of the epidemic period, except for a ≈1 month period of explosive growth, coinciding with the monsoon season and school vacations, when the effective reproduction number peaked >30 and after which the effective reproduction number declined steadily. Interventions were only initiated 6 weeks after the end of the period of explosive growth. This finding highlights the need to reinforce the national preparedness plan for outbreak response, and to enable the early detection of cases and timely response.

A COMPARISON OF TREE-RING FEATURES IN PICEA ABIES AS CORRELATED WITH CLIMATE

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert Wimmer ◽  
Michael Grabner
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Resin Duct ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Latewood Density ◽  
Highly Correlated

This paper presents an analysis of 16 anatomical variables measured on 20 spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] from sites in the managed forest district Seyde, Eastern Ore Mountains, south of Dresden, Germany. Ring width and latewood proportion did not show significant relationships with monthly climatic data, whereas maximum density, latewood cell-wall proportion and latewood density were highly correlated with temperature and precipitation. The climatic signals expressed in resin duct density, ray height, tracheid length and microfibril angles were less pronounced. Of 16 tree-ring parameters, densitometry – as an indirect measure of xylem anatomy – has again shown its great potential to record climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Temporal Trend Analysis of Historical Climatic Data at Northeastern Hilly Region of Bangladesh Using Mann-Kendall Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
KK Mondal ◽  
Md AE Akhter ◽  
MAK Mallik
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
The North ◽  
Positive Tendency ◽  
Hilly Region ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Mann Kendall Test

An attempt has been implemented to find out the temporal trend of climatic data of average temperature and total rainfall for the study period 1980-2016 at North-Eastern Hilly Region in Bangladesh. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test is used to analyze the trend of climatic data. The objective of the study is to investigate the trend variation in the North-Eastern hilly region. Results show that in monsoon season, both Sylhet and Srimangal meteorological stations experience a positive tendency with a rate of 0.037 and 0.0170C/year, respectively which are statistically significant at 99.9% level of significance. Monthly significant positive changes are found in all months except November, December and January for Sylhet while Srimangal indicates significant positive changes except July, September, October and November. The total rainfall at both the stations reveals decreasing trend during maximum seasons and months but the trend is not significant. Journal of Engineering Science 11(2), 2020, 19-25

scholarly journals Trends in the Airglow Temperatures in the MLT Region—Part 2: SABER Observations and Comparisons to Model Simulations

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tai-Yin Huang ◽  
Michael Vanyo
Keyword(s):  
Model Simulation ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Broadband Emission ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Low Latitudes ◽  
Backward Shift ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Ap Index ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Mlt Region

The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) temperature measurements at low latitudes from 89 km to 97 km were used to derive the F10.7 and Ap index trends, and the trends were compared to model simulations. The annual mean nonzonal (e.g., at the model simulation location at 18° N, 290° E) SABER temperature showed a good-to-moderate correlation with F10.7, with a trend of 4.5–5.3 K/100 SFU, and a moderate-to-weak correlation with the Ap index, with a trend of 0.1–0.3 K/nT. The annual mean zonal mean SABER temperature was found to be highly correlated with the F10.7, with a similar trend, and moderately correlated with the Ap index, with a trend in a similar range. The correlation with the Ap index was significantly improved with a slightly larger trend when the zonal mean temperature was fitted with a 1-year backward shift in the Ap index. The F10.7 (Ap index) trends in the simulated O2 and the O(1S) temperature were smaller (larger) than those in the annual mean nonzonal mean SABER temperature. The trends from the simulations were better compared to those in the annual mean zonal mean temperature. The comparisons were even better when compared to the trend results obtained from fitting with a backward shift in the Ap index.

scholarly journals Assessing suitability of temperature-based reference evapotranspiration methods for semi-arid basin of Maharashtra

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-356
Author(s):  
P.S. WABLE ◽  
M.K. JHA ◽  
S.D. GORANTIWAR
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Condition ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Western India ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Suitable Temperature ◽  
Semi Arid

FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO-PM) is deemed as a sole standard method for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET ). However, limited availability of meteorological data at spatial and temporal o scales restricts the application of this method. To address this issue, the FAO 56 experts suggested three methods when only maximum and minimum temperature data are available: (i) Temperature-based Penman-Monteith (PMT-1) method wherein T ≈ T (ii) PMT-2 wherein T ≈ T -2.5, and (iii) dew min dew min Hargreaves method. These ET methods were assessed for a semi-arid basin of Western India which lacks adequate climatic data. The performances of the ET methods were evaluated against the standard FAO-PM method using salient statistical and graphical indicators, together with the sensitivity analysis. The results of the three temperature-based methods had a tendency of over-predication of ET in the study area. The PMT-1 method, however, provided superior ET estimates compared to PMT-2 and Hargreaves methods. For estimating monthly ET , the FAO-PM method was most sensitive to temperature. Further, ET of the monsoon season over the study area increased from 5 to 12% during 'drought' years compared to 'normal' years. It was concluded that PMT-1 method is the most suitable temperature-based method for estimating ET in semi-arid regions under limited climatic condition.

scholarly journals Aerosol and precipitation chemistry in the southwestern United States: spatiotemporal trends and interrelationships

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 7361-7379 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sorooshian ◽  
T. Shingler ◽  
A. Harpold ◽  
C. W. Feagles ◽  
T. Meixner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
The United States ◽  
Precipitation Chemistry ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Acidic Gases ◽  
Ice Nuclei ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Spatiotemporal Trends

Abstract. This study characterizes the spatial and temporal patterns of aerosol and precipitation composition at six sites across the United States Southwest between 1995 and 2010. Precipitation accumulation occurs mostly during the wintertime (December–February) and during the monsoon season (July–September). Rain and snow pH levels are usually between 5–6, with crustal-derived species playing a major role in acid neutralization. These species (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+) exhibit their highest concentrations between March and June in both PM2.5 and precipitation due mostly to dust. Crustal-derived species concentrations in precipitation exhibit positive relationships with SO42−, NO3−, and Cl−, suggesting that acidic gases likely react with and partition to either crustal particles or hydrometeors enriched with crustal constituents. Concentrations of particulate SO42− show a statistically significant correlation with rain SO42− unlike snow SO42−, which may be related to some combination of the vertical distribution of SO42− (and precursors) and the varying degree to which SO42−-enriched particles act as cloud condensation nuclei versus ice nuclei in the region. The coarse : fine aerosol mass ratio was correlated with crustal species concentrations in snow unlike rain, suggestive of a preferential role of coarse particles (mainly dust) as ice nuclei in the region. Precipitation NO3− : SO42− ratios exhibit the following features with potential explanations discussed: (i) they are higher in precipitation as compared to PM2.5; (ii) they exhibit the opposite annual cycle compared to particulate NO3− : SO42− ratios; and (iii) they are higher in snow relative to rain during the wintertime. Long-term trend analysis for the monsoon season shows that the NO3− : SO42− ratio in rain increased at the majority of sites due mostly to air pollution regulations of SO42− precursors.

scholarly journals Climatic Variation and Its Impacts on Yield and Water Requirement of Crops in Indian Central Himalaya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Prakash Yadav ◽  
Suresh Chandra Panday ◽  
Jitendra Kumar ◽  
Jaideep Kumar Bisht ◽  
Vijay Singh Meena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
The People

Climate is most important factor affecting agriculture, and issues related to climate and its implications have attracted attention of policy makers globally. The farm sector, particularly marginal ecosystems in mountains are vulnerable because of unpredictable variation and severe sink limitations. Efforts to impart resilience to farm and its allied sector are an urgent need. The climatic parameters play very important role to determine type of crops, cattle rearing and the life style adopted by the people. Moreover, weather has a significant impact on crop growth and development. Weather plays a vital role and affects the production and productivity of the crops. According to an estimate, weather contributes 67% variation in productivity and rest of the factors (soil, nutrient and management practices etc.) accounts for 33%. Therefore, there is a need of in-depth analysis of each meteorological parameters and identification of their trend over the years in order to identify and adapt suitable agriculture practices, better adaptable crops, varieties and their duration, time of field preparation, sowing time and irrigation as per the climatic conditions of the region. This will lead farming community to plan strategies of agriculture operation to obtain optimum yield. The climatic data from the meteorological observatory of ICAR-VPKAS, Hawalbagh located at mid hill condition (1250 m amsl) were analyzed for different periods (annual, seasonal, monthly, weekly). It was revealed that rainfall is decreasing over the years but significant (P < 0.05) decrease was recorded at mid hills. The maximum temperature is increasing significantly (P < 0.05) during post-monsoon and winter season however decreasing in monsoon season whereas minimum temperature is decreasing round the year. These changes in rainfall and temperatures are affecting production and productivity of the crops, as hills are largely rainfed. In terms of crop water demand, there is no need to apply irrigation during the rainy season except the transplanted rice. However, during the winter season as there is more than 60% of water deficit to irrigate the crops. The proper understanding of climate is necessary to bring sustainability in hill agriculture by adjusting crop sowing window and other operations as per suitability of the climate.

scholarly journals Aerosol and precipitation chemistry in the southwestern United States: spatiotemporal trends and interrelationships

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 8615-8662
Author(s):  
A. Sorooshian ◽  
T. Shingler ◽  
A. Harpold ◽  
C. W. Feagles ◽  
T. Meixner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
The United States ◽  
Precipitation Chemistry ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Acidic Gases ◽  
Ice Nuclei ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Spatiotemporal Trends

Abstract. This study characterizes the spatial and temporal patterns of aerosol and precipitation composition at six sites across the United States Southwest between 1995 and 2010. Precipitation accumulation occurs mostly during the wintertime (December–February) and during the monsoon season (July–September). Rain and snow pH levels are usually between 5–6, with crustal-derived species playing a major role in acid neutralization. These species (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+,Na+) exhibit their highest concentrations between March and June in both PM2.5 and precipitation due mostly to dust. Crustal-derived species concentrations in precipitation exhibit positive relationships with SO42−, NO3−, and Cl−, suggesting that acidic gases likely react with and partition to either crustal particles or hydrometeors enriched with crustal constituents. Concentrations of particulate SO42− show a statistically significant correlation with rain SO42− unlike snow SO42−, which may be related to some combination of the vertical distribution of SO42− (and precursors) and the varying degree to which SO42−-enriched particles act as cloud condensation nuclei versus ice nuclei in the region. The coarse : fine aerosol mass ratio was correlated with crustal species concentrations in snow unlike rain, suggestive of a preferential role of coarse particles (mainly dust) as ice nuclei in the region. Precipitation NO3− : SO42− ratios exhibit the following features with potential explanations discussed: (i) they are higher in precipitation as compared to PM2.5; (ii) they exhibit the opposite annual cycle compared to particulate NO3− : SO42− ratios; and (iii) they are higher in snow relative to rain during the wintertime. Long-term trend analysis for the monsoon season shows that the NO3− : SO42− ratio in rain decreased at the majority of sites due mostly to air pollution regulations of SO42− precursors.

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