scholarly journals Evaluation of the ameliorative roles of Vitamins A, C and E on reduced glutathione in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings exposed to cadmium chloride

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 052-062
Author(s):  
Patrick Ozovehe Samuel ◽  
Francis Ofurum Arimoro ◽  
Adesola Victoria Ayanwale ◽  
Hadiza Lami Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Production Level ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Sodium Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Aquarium Tank

Effects of cadmium chloride on the production of antioxidants such as reduced glutathione (GSH) in Clarias gariepinus and how such effects can be ameliorated through administration of vitamins were investigated. C. gariepinus fingerlings were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of Cd (00, 12mg/L, 16mg/L, 20mg/L and 24mg/L) with replicate in each case. 12mg/L each of the vitamins were administered across all bud. Fresh concentrations of both toxicant and vitamins were administered every 72 hours for a period of 12 weeks every time the water medium was changed. 3 samples of the fish were randomly selected and sacrificed from each aquarium tank every 2 weeks. The gills, kidneys and liver were excised from these specimens, homogenized in sodium phosphate buffer and then assayed for GSH production levels in each case. From the results: In Cd only group, the highest GSH level produced in the liver was 38.85±0.07µg/ml. In the liver of samples of CdVA group, the value (93.97±0.07µg/ml) increased then followed by the gill (67.72±0.13µg/ml). In CdVC, the GSH production level in the gill (39.76±0.07µg/ml) was relatively higher than livers and kidneys of the samples. In CdVE, the kidney produced the highest GSH value of 32.89±0.10µg/ml. The elicitation and utilization of the antioxidant at one point or the other were adopted by the fish in dealing with the effects of the toxicant especially in the presence of the vitamins. Higher concentrations of the vitamins could facilitate the understanding of the effects of the vitamins in mitigating the effects of the toxicant.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the ameliorative roles of vitamins A, C and E on reduced glutathione in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings exposed to lead nitrate

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 058-070
Author(s):  
Samuel PO ◽  
Arimoro FO ◽  
Ayanwale AV ◽  
Mohammad HL
Keyword(s):  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Lead Nitrate ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Sodium Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Fish Samples

The ever-increasing anthropogenic activities all over the world that usually led to release of plethora of pollutants such as lead calls for concern. In the present study the effects of lead nitrate on the production of antioxidants such as reduced glutathione (GSH) in C. gariepinus and how such effects can be ameliorated through administration of vitamins were investigated. C. gariepinus fingerlings (whose initial weight ranged from 3-11g) were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of Pb (00, 26mg/L, 44mg/L, 61mg/L and 79mg/L) with replicate in each case. 26mg/L each of the vitamins were administered across all bud. Fresh concentrations of both toxicant and vitamins were administered every 72 hours for a period of 12 weeks every time the water medium was changed. The various treatments group include Pb (Pb only), PbVA (Pb+vitamin A), PbVC ((Pb+vitamin C) and PbVE (Pb+vitamin E) with T1-T4 and replicates in each case. 3 samples of the fish were randomly selected and sacrificed from each aquarium tank every 2 weeks of the exposure period. The gills, kidneys and liver were excised from these specimens and homogenized in sodium phosphate buffer. These were then assayed for GSH productions levels in each case. The data generated were subjected to one way analysis of variance and considered significant at P≤0.05. From the results: In the Pb only group, the mean values of the GSH produced in the liver of the control samples were significantly higher than other treatments. The highest mean values of 82.04±0.13µg/ml, 30.84±0.10µg/ml and 31.30±0.10µg/ml were obtained in the liver, kidney and gills of the fish, respectively. In fish samples exposed to PbVA group, the highest mean values of 23.57±0.10µg/ml, 58.74±0.07µg/ml and 52.72±0.07µg/ml were obtained in the liver, kidney and gills, respectively. In C. gariepinus exposed to PbVC group, the highest mean values obtained in the liver, kidneys and gills were 25.79±0.07µg/ml, 28.40±0.13µg/ml and 37.55±0.03µg/ml, respectively. In PbVE group, the highest mean value of 57.21±0.03µg/ml, 83.51±0.07µg/ml and 63.29±0.07µg/ml were btained in the liver, kidneys and gills, respectively. The liver of the samples exposed to Pb only group displayed higher level of response to the toxicant with the highest GSH produced in the lowest concentration in comparison to other fish organs. In the PbVA group the response was more in the kidney in the highest concentration. There were general low levels of production in all organs of the fish in the PbVC group. The kidneys of the PbVE group exhibited the highest level of GSH production in comparison to other organs. The kidneys and liver of C. gariepinus in this research were fully engaged in mitigating the effects of the toxicant in the presence of the vitamins. Administration of higher concentrations of the vitamins could enhance better understanding of the ameliorative roles of the vitamins against the deleterious effects of the toxicant.

Effects of sodium phosphate buffer on horseradish peroxidase thermal stability

2008 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 569-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Haifeng ◽  
L. Yuwen ◽  
C. Xiaomin ◽  
W. Zhiyong ◽  
W. Cunxin
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Phosphate Buffer

Recovery of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) from buttermilk: effect of Ca-binding salts

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly L. Spitsberg ◽  
Liza Ivanov ◽  
Vladimir Shritz
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
Milk Fat Globule Membrane ◽  
Peripheral Protein ◽  
Sodium Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Milk Fat Globule ◽  
Fat Globule ◽  
First Time ◽  
Phosphate Groups

AbstractIn this Research Communication we present a study of the effect of Ca-binding salts on the recovery of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) from buttermilk. Sodium phosphate buffer was used for the purpose of MFGM recovery from buttermilk for the first time and we showed that 0.1 M buffer at pH 7.2 was the most effective for the recovery of MFGM. The fact of high efficacy of sodium phosphate buffer in recovery of MFGM from buttermilk allowed us to suggest that MFGM in buttermilk is present in association with casein through Ca- bridges formed between phospholipids of MFGM and phosphate groups of casein, primarily with k-casein as the peripheral protein of casein micelles.

scholarly journals Large-scale purification of hepatitis B surface antigen

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 626-631
Author(s):  
J Vnek ◽  
A M Prince
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Sodium Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Subsequent Elution ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol Precipitation

Hepatitis B surface antigen was concentrated and purified from plasma by two simple steps of purification. In the first step the antigen was purified 24-fold by polyethylene glycol precipitation. An additional 10-fold purification was achieved by batchwise adsorption to hydroxylapatite and subsequent elution with 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer.

scholarly journals pH-dependent interconversion of two forms of tyrosinase in human skin

1988 ◽  
Vol 252 (2) ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
R K Tripathi ◽  
C Chaya Devi ◽  
A Ramaiah
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Sodium Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Solubilized Enzyme ◽  
Ph Dependent

1. We have shown that the characteristic lag in cresolase activity of human skin tyrosinase at inhibitory concentration of tyrosine was absent at all pH values studied, i.e. pH 5.2, 5.7, 6.2 and 6.8, if the enzyme solubilized at low pH was used as the source of enzyme, but the same enzyme when dialysed against buffers of various pH values showed linear activity only at pH 5.2 and was not inhibited by excess tyrosine, whereas at higher pH values it exhibited a lag and inhibition by excess tyrosine. 2. However, the enzyme solubilized in buffer/detergent, pH 6.8, when dialysed against buffer of the same pH showed linear activity at pH 5.2 and non-linear activity at pH 6.8. 3. The water/detergent-solubilized enzyme from human skin melanosomes showed linear activity even at inhibitory concentrations of tyrosine at pH 5.2 and 6.8 up to 2 h, but acceleration of rate was observed after 2 h for the enzyme measured at pH 6.8. 4. After dialysis of the water/detergent-solubilized enzyme against double-glass-distilled water, it still exhibits linear activity at inhibitory concentration of tyrosines at pH 6.8 for the first 2 h, but the same enzyme when dialysed against 0.02 M-sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, exhibits negligible activity up to 1/2 h, in contrast with considerable activity before dialysis during the same interval of time, but without any loss of activity at later intervals of incubation time. 5. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that the enzyme exists in at least two interconvertible forms, one without lag and inhibition by excess tyrosine and the other with lag and inhibition by excess tyrosine. These two forms are interconvertible only by gradual change in pH over a period of hours.

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