scholarly journals Analisis Tingkat Preferensi Pemilihan Moda Transportasi Antar Kota Antar Provinsi dengan Metode AHP Topsis (Study Kasus Rute Cilacap - Yogyakarta)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 205-212
Author(s):  
Gandha Yugo Prasetyo ◽  
Imam Muthohar ◽  
Siti Malkhamah
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
Training Mode ◽  
Mode Of Transportation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Research Criteria ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Comfort Criteria

There are different characteristics between the modes of land transportation, such as trains, buses and cars from Cilacap to Yogyakarta, the Inter-City Inter-Provincial route. This gave a question of what criteria a person chose in determining the mode of transportation preferences. A questionnaire was required for data collection, determining the number of respondents (users). There were 20 respondents; 55% have low income, 10% have middle income, 35% have a high income. Then the data from filling out the questionnaire was analyzed using the AHP-TOPSIS method to determine the weight of the research criteria that had the most influence on preferences for transportation modes. With the results of the weighted criteria: safety (47.80%), comfort (19.78%), travel time (12.47%), frequency (12.12%) and cost (7.83%). Furthermore, the results of the preferences for the choice of transportation modes showed that the first rank was achieved by cars (0.73), secondly by buses (0.66) and thirdly by trains (0.58). The sensitivity test results showed that increasing the weight of the comfort criteria would reduce the priority of the bus mode. As for the training mode, it could be increased by adding weight to the cost criteria.

scholarly journals The cost-effectiveness of hypertension management in low-income and middle-income countries: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. e002213
Author(s):  
Deliana Kostova ◽  
Garrison Spencer ◽  
Andrew E Moran ◽  
Laura K Cobb ◽  
Muhammad Jami Husain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
National Income ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost

Hypertension in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) is largely undiagnosed and uncontrolled, representing an untapped opportunity for public health improvement. Implementation of hypertension control strategies in low-resource settings depends in large part on cost considerations. However, evidence on the cost-effectiveness of hypertension interventions in LMICs is varied across geographical, clinical and evaluation contexts. We conducted a comprehensive search for published economic evaluations of hypertension treatment programmes in LMICs. The search identified 71 articles assessing a wide range of hypertension intervention designs and cost components, of which 42 studies across 15 countries reported estimates of cost-effectiveness. Although comparability of results was limited due to heterogeneity in the interventions assessed, populations studied, costs and study quality score, most interventions that reported cost per averted disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) were cost-effective, with costs per averted DALY not exceeding national income thresholds. Programme elements that may reduce cost-effectiveness included screening for hypertension at younger ages, addressing prehypertension, or treating patients at lower cardiovascular disease risk. Cost-effectiveness analysis could provide the evidence base to guide the initiation and development of hypertension programmes.

scholarly journals Are current preventive chemotherapy strategies for controlling and eliminating neglected tropical diseases cost-effective?

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. e005456
Author(s):  
Hugo C Turner ◽  
Wilma A Stolk ◽  
Anthony W Solomon ◽  
Jonathan D King ◽  
Antonio Montresor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Healthcare Spending ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
The Cost

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in many low-income and middle-income countries. Several NTDs, namely lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) and trachoma, are predominantly controlled by preventive chemotherapy (or mass drug administration), following recommendations set by the WHO. Over one billion people are now treated for NTDs with this strategy per year. However, further investment and increased domestic healthcare spending are urgently needed to continue these programmes. Consequently, it is vital that the cost-effectiveness of preventive chemotherapy is understood. We analyse the current estimates on the cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) of the preventive chemotherapy strategies predominantly used for these diseases and identify key evidence gaps that require further research. Overall, the reported estimates show that preventive chemotherapy is generally cost-effective, supporting WHO recommendations. More specifically, the cost per DALY averted estimates relating to community-wide preventive chemotherapy for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis were particularly favourable when compared with other public health interventions. Cost per DALY averted estimates of school-based preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis and STH were also generally favourable but more variable. Notably, the broader socioeconomic benefits are likely not being fully captured by the DALYs averted metric. No estimates of cost per DALY averted relating to community-wide mass antibiotic treatment for trachoma were found, highlighting the need for further research. These findings are important for informing global health policy and support the need for continuing NTD control and elimination efforts.

scholarly journals TRACK Implementation: a Bangladesh Scenario

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Kader Mohiuddin
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
The Cost

With the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), biological risk factors, such as hyperglycemia, are a major public health concern in Bangladesh. Optimization of diabetes management by positive lifestyle changes is urgently required for prevention of comorbidities and complications, which in turn will reduce the cost. Diabetes had 2 times more days of inpatient treatment, 1.3 times more outpatient visits, and nearly 10 times more medications than non- diabetes patients, as reported by British Medical Journal. And surprisingly, 80% of people with this so called “Rich Man's Disease” live in low- and middle-income countries. According to a recent study of American Medical Association, China and India collectively are home of nearly 110 million diabetic patients. The prevalence of diabetes in this region is projected to increase by 71% by 2035. Bangladesh was ranked as the 8th highest diabetic populous country in the time period of 2010-2011. In Bangladesh, the estimated prevalence of diabetes among adults was 9.7% in 2011 and the number is projected to be 13.7 million by 2045. The cost of diabetes care is considerably high in Bangladesh, and it is primarily driven by the medicine and hospitalization costs. According to Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, in 2017 the annual average cost per T2DM was $864.7, which is 52% of per capita GDP of Bangladesh and 9.8 times higher than the general health care cost. Medicine is the highest source of direct cost (around 85%) for patients without hospitalization. The private and public financing of diabetes treatment will be severely constrained in near future, representing a health threat for the Bangladeshi population.

scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness of neonatal surgery for congenital anomalies in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000755
Author(s):  
Na Eun Kim ◽  
Dominique Vervoot ◽  
Ahmad Hammouri ◽  
Cristiana Riboni ◽  
Hosni Salem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Neonatal Surgery ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
The Cost

IntroductionCongenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of death in children under 5 years old globally (591 000 deaths reported in 2016). Over 95% of deaths occur in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). It is estimated that two-thirds of the congenital anomaly health burden could be averted through surgical intervention and that such interventions can be cost-effective. This systematic review aims to evaluate current evidence regarding the cost-effectiveness of neonatal surgery for congenital anomalies in LMICs.Methods and analysisA systematic literature review will be conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scielo, Google Scholar, African Journals OnLine and Regional WHO’s African Index Medicus databases for articles on the cost-effectiveness of neonatal surgery for congenital anomalies in LMICs. The following search strings will be used: (1) congenital anomalies; (2) LMICs; and (3) cost-effectiveness of surgical interventions. Articles will be uploaded to Covidence software, duplicates removed and the remaining articles screened by two independent reviewers. Cost information for interventions or procedures will be extracted by country and condition. Outcome measurements by reported unit and cost-effectiveness ratios will be extracted. Methodological quality of each article will be assessed using the Drummond checklist for economic evaluations. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Effective Health Care Program guidance will be followed to assess the grade of the studies.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is required for conducting the systematic review. There will be no direct collection of data from individuals. The finalised article will be published in a scientific journal for dissemination. The protocol has been registered with PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews).ConclusionCongenital anomalies form a large component of the global health burden that is amenable to surgical intervention. This study will systematically review the current literature on the cost-effectiveness of neonatal surgery for congenital anomalies in LMICs.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020172971.

scholarly journals TRACK (by NEHEP) Implementation: A Bangladesh Scenario

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Abdul Kader Mohiuddin
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
The Cost

With the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), biological risk factors, such as hyperglycemia, are a major public health concern in Bangladesh. Optimization of diabetes management by positive lifestyle changes is urgently required for prevention of comorbidities and complications, which in turn will reduce the cost. Diabetes had 2 times more days of inpatient treatment, 1.3 times more outpatient visits, and nearly 10 times more medications than non-diabetes patients, as reported by British Medical Journal. And surprisingly, 80% of people with this so called Rich Man’s Disease live in low-and middle-income countries. According to a recent study of American Medical Association, China and India collectively are home of nearly 110 million diabetic patients. The prevalence of diabetes in this region is projected to increase by 71% by 2035. Bangladesh was ranked as the 8th highest diabetic populous country in the time period of 2010-2011. In Bangladesh, the estimated prevalence of diabetes among adults was 9.7% in 2011 and the number is projected to be 13.7 million by 2045. The cost of diabetes care is considerably high in Bangladesh, and it is primarily driven by the medicine and hospitalization costs. According to Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, in 2017 the annual average cost per Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) was $864.7, which is 52% of per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Bangladesh and 9.8 times higher than the general health care cost. Medicine is the highest source of direct cost (around 85%) for patients without hospitalization. The private and public financing of diabetes treatment will be severely constrained in near future, representing a health threat for the Bangladeshi population.

Push Out, Pull Out, or Opting Out? Reasons Cited by Adolescents for Discontinuing Education in Four Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renu Singh ◽  
Protap Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Life Course Perspective ◽  
School Factors ◽  
Pull Factors ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Early School ◽  
The Cost

By drawing on Bronfenbrenner’s (1999) ecological framework, this mixed-method paper recognizes school discontinuation not as an event but as a culmination of an interplay of various factors over time. Adopting a life course perspective and analyzing reasons given by adolescents for “not being in school” across the four middle- and low-income Young Lives study countries, three broad categories of reasons for early school leaving emerge. These are push factors, pull factors, and opted-out factors. Findings revealed that pull factors emerge as the greatest contributor toward children discontinuing education as they enter middle and late adolescence. Besides household dynamics and shocks, boys in particular discontinue schooling due to paid work, while girls spend long hours in domestic chores at the cost of attending school. While in-school factors, particularly quality, cannot be ignored, it is important to provide social protection nets to the poorest families in order to achieve Sustainable Development Goal Goal 4.

scholarly journals TRACK (by NEHEP) Implementation: A Bangladesh Scenario

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-10
Author(s):  
Abdul Mohiuddin
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
The Cost

With the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), biological risk factors, such as hyperglycemia, are a major public health concern in Bangladesh. Optimization of diabetes management by positive lifestyle changes is urgently required for prevention of comorbidities and complications, which in turn will reduce the cost. Diabetes had 2 times more days of inpatient treatment, 1.3 times more outpatient visits, and nearly 10 times more medications than non- diabetes patients, as reported by British Medical Journal. And surprisingly, 80% of people with this so called “Rich Man's Disease” live in low- and middle-income countries. According to a recent study of American Medical Association, China and India collectively are home of nearly 110 million diabetic patients. The prevalence of diabetes in this region is projected to increase by 71% by 2035. Bangladesh was ranked as the 8th highest diabetic populous country in the time period of 2010-2011. In Bangladesh, the estimated prevalence of diabetes among adults was 9.7% in 2011 and the number is projected to be 13.7 million by 2045. The cost of diabetes care is considerably high in Bangladesh, and it is primarily driven by the medicine and hospitalization costs. According to Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, in 2017 the annual average cost per T2DM was $864.7, which is 52% of per capita GDP of Bangladesh and 9.8 times higher than the general health care cost. Medicine is the highest source of direct cost (around 85%) for patients without hospitalization. The private and public financing of diabetes treatment will be severely constrained in near future, representing a health threat for the Bangladeshi population.

scholarly journals Combining Rapid Antigen Testing and Syndromic Surveillance Improves Community-Based COVID-19 Detection in Low-to-Middle-Income Countries

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fergus Chadwick ◽  
Jessica Clark ◽  
Shayan Chowdhury ◽  
Tasnuva Chowdhury ◽  
David Pascall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Syndromic Surveillance ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Rapid Diagnostics ◽  
Antigen Test ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Antigen Tests ◽  
Antigen Testing

Abstract Diagnostics for COVID-19 detection are limited in many settings. Syndromic surveillance is often the only means to identify cases, but lacks specificity. Rapid antigen testing is inexpensive and easy-to-deploy but concerns remain about sensitivity. We examine how combining these approaches can improve surveillance for guiding interventions in low-income communities in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Rapid-antigen-tests and PCR validation was performed on 1172 symptomatically-identified individuals at home. Statistical models were fit to predict PCR status using rapid-antigen-test results, syndromic data, and their combination. Model predictive and classification performance was examined under contrasting epidemiological scenarios to evaluate their potential for improving diagnoses. Models combining rapid-antigen-test and syndromic data yielded equal-to-better performance to rapid-antigen-test-only models across all scenarios. These results show that drawing on complementary strengths across two rapid diagnostics, improves COVID-19 detection, and reduces false-positive and -negative diagnoses to match local requirements; improvements achievable without additional expense, or changes for patients or practitioners.

scholarly journals The Diabetes TRACK (by NEHEP) Vs Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-05
Author(s):  
Abdul Mohiuddin
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
The Cost

With the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), biological risk factors, such as hyperglycemia, are a major public health concern in Bangladesh. Optimization of diabetes management by positive lifestyle changes is urgently required for prevention of comorbidities and complications, which in turn will reduce the cost. Diabetes had 2 times more days of inpatient treatment, 1.3 times more outpatient visits, and nearly 10 times more medications than non- diabetes patients, as reported by British Medical Journal. And surprisingly, 80% of people with this so called “Rich Man's Disease” live in low- and middle-income countries. According to a recent study of American Medical Association, China and India collectively are home of nearly 110 million diabetic patients. The prevalence of diabetes in this region is projected to increase by 71% by 2035. Bangladesh was ranked as the 8th highest diabetic populous country in the time period of 2010-2011. In Bangladesh, the estimated prevalence of diabetes among adults was 9.7% in 2011 and the number is projected to be 13.7 million by 2045. The cost of diabetes care is considerably high in Bangladesh, and it is primarily driven by the medicine and hospitalization costs. According to Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, in 2017 the annual average cost per T2DM was $864.7, which is 52% of per capita GDP of Bangladesh and 9.8 times higher than the general health care cost. Medicine is the highest source of direct cost (around 85%) for patients without hospitalization. The private and public financing of diabetes treatment will be severely constrained in near future, representing a health threat for the Bangladeshi population.

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