scholarly journals Fungicide timing for control of summer rots of apples

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
K.R. Everett ◽  
O.E. Timudo-Torrevilla ◽  
J.T. Taylor ◽  
J. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Lesion Diameter ◽  
Final Assessment

Control of preharvest summer rot in cv Royal Gala apple in the Waikato district during the 2006/2007 growing season was evaluated There were six treatments and an unsprayed control Three treatments investigated the effect of timing by applying tolyfluanid mancozeb captan and copper sequentially at 1014 day intervals in October and early November (spring) November and December (early summer) or January and February (late summer) The fourth treatment was two applications of carbendazim in early October (flowering) and there were two biological control treatments Bacillus subtilis QST713 and Serratia marcescens HR42 applied at 1014 day intervals from flowering (October) to harvest (February) Compared with the unsprayed treatment the most effective control was achieved by fungicide applications during either November/December or January/February Due to large variation in the data differences were not statistically significant but mean lesion diameter at final assessment for these treatments was 29 and 35 of controls respectively The other treatments did not control rots

CONTROL OF ROOT MAGGOTS ATTACKING CRUCIFEROUS CROPS, MAINLY RUTABAGAS, GROWN IN RIDGES

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-728
Author(s):  
D. C. Read
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Root Maggot

Experiments in 1958 and 1959 with pre-planting soil treatments of insecticides, applied in a 5-inch band [Formula: see text] below the seed in ridges of soil, snowed that heptachlor, aldrin and chlordane, each at 5 pounds toxicant per acre, gave 70 to 90 per cent reduction in root maggot damage in cruciferous crops in Prince Edward Island. Each of these insecticides gave better control of the second than of the first generation of root maggots. Nematocide 18,133, at 5 and at 10 pounds per acre gave complete control throughout the growing season and also gave the highest yield. Thimet at 5 and at 10 pounds gave better control than the chlorinated hydrocarbons; parathion and Guthion, at the same rates, gave better control of the first generation but not as effective control thereafter. Korlan at 6 pounds gave fair control of the first generation but was ineffective thereafter. Ethion, Trithion, Di-syston and Diazinon, each at 5 and at 10 pounds, and Co-Ral and Dylox at 5 pounds were ineffective in controlling root maggot injury. Diazinon was highly phytotoxic; none of the other insecticides showed any phytotoxicity.

scholarly journals Flowering Response of Bougainvillea Cultivars to Dikegulac

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Norcini ◽  
J.H. Aldrich ◽  
J.M. McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Flowering Response ◽  
Bougainvillea Glabra

Foliar spray application of dikegulac at 1600 mg·liter-1 during production of Bougainvillea glabra Choicy `Mauna Kea White', and Bougainvillea `Raspberry Ice', `Royal Purple', `Summer Snow', and `Temple Fire' in 4.5-liter hanging baskets (25.4 cm in diameter) was investigated in relation to flowering. The effect of foliar-applied dikegulac at 0, 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 mg·liter-1 on bracteole size of `Mauna Kea White' was also determined. Liners of `Temple Fire' pruned at transplanting (0 weeks) and sprayed with dikegulac at, 0 and 4 weeks had increased flowering and a slightly more compact, pendulous growth habit than plants that had only been pruned at 0 and 4 weeks. Dikegulac had little to no effect on flowering of the other cultivars. Under late-spring to early summer conditions (generally increasing temperatures), bracteole size of `Mauna Kea White' was reduced ≈25 % by 400 mg dikegulac/liter compared to nontreated plants; 800 to 1600 mg dikegulac/liter reduced bracteole size ≈37%. Under late-summer to mid-fall conditions when the weather was cooler and wetter, dikegulac had little to no effect on bracteole size; however, bracteoles of nontreated plants were ≈25% smaller than those of plants grown under the warmer and drier conditions of late spring to early summer. Chemical name used: sodium salt of 2,3:4,6-bis -O- (1-methylethylidene) -α-l-xylo- 2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac).

scholarly journals Seasonal development of iron limitation in the sub-Antarctic zone

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (14) ◽  
pp. 4647-4660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh ◽  
Sandy J. Thomalla ◽  
Thato N. Mtshali ◽  
Natasha R. van Horsten ◽  
Hazel J. Little
Keyword(s):  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Iron Availability ◽  
Iron Supply ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Iron Addition

Abstract. The seasonal and sub-seasonal dynamics of iron availability within the sub-Antarctic zone (SAZ; ∼40–45∘ S) play an important role in the distribution, biomass and productivity of the phytoplankton community. The variability in iron availability is due to an interplay between winter entrainment, diapycnal diffusion, storm-driven entrainment, atmospheric deposition, iron scavenging and iron recycling processes. Biological observations utilizing grow-out iron addition incubation experiments were performed at different stages of the seasonal cycle within the SAZ to determine whether iron availability at the time of sampling was sufficient to meet biological demands at different times of the growing season. Here we demonstrate that at the beginning of the growing season, there is sufficient iron to meet the demands of the phytoplankton community, but that as the growing season develops the mean iron concentrations in the mixed layer decrease and are insufficient to meet biological demand. Phytoplankton increase their photosynthetic efficiency and net growth rates following iron addition from midsummer to late summer, with no differences determined during early summer, suggestive of seasonal iron depletion and an insufficient resupply of iron to meet biological demand. The result of this is residual macronutrients at the end of the growing season and the prevalence of the high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) condition. We conclude that despite the prolonged growing season characteristic of the SAZ, which can extend into late summer/early autumn, results nonetheless suggest that iron supply mechanisms are insufficient to maintain potential maximal growth and productivity throughout the season.

Shoot apical growth and cataphyll initiation rates in provenances of Pinusconforta in Scotland

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin G. R. Cannell
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Model Matching ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Apical Dome ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Component C ◽  
Doubling Times

The dynamics of terminal bud development on seven 3-year-old nursery-grown provenances of Pinuscontorta Dougl. were monitored by sampling buds at 1- to 3-weekly intervals during one growing season. Differences in rates of cataphyll initiation occurred which were analysed in terms of (a) the projected areas of the apical domes, which changed over the season, (b) the relative rates at which the apical domes expanded radially during a plastochrone (square millimetres per square millimetre), as shown by the extent to which the new cataphyll primordia receded away from the domes, and (c) the projected areas of the tissues used to form new cataphyll primordia. Component a was a measure of the size of the apical dome meristems and b was a measure of their rates of 'activity.' A model-matching method is described to measure b.Those provenances which produced most cataphylls during the growing season developed and maintained large apical domes (component a above). There were unexpectedly small provenance differences in the apical dome 'activity' in midsummer (component b defined above), although differences occurred in spring and autumn. Differences in the projected areas of the new cataphyll primordia (component c) were inversely related to cataphyll initiation rates. Apical dome tissue doubling times in midsummer were estimated to be less than 120 h, irrespective of provenance.Inland provenances had small but relatively 'active' apical domes in spring, but they produced cataphyll primordia as products of this growth rather than reinvesting in apical dome 'capital.' Consequently, their apical domes remained small. Coastal Alaskan provenances, on the other hand, developed large apical domes, but these domes ceased to be very 'active' after the end of August. The apical domes on south coastal provenances did not become 'active' until early summer, but their domes were relatively large even in spring, became much larger by late summer, and they remained 'active' until mid-September.Implications are noted regarding cross-breeding of complementary genotypes to increase needle production and height growth.

scholarly journals Seasonal development of iron limitation in the sub-Antarctic zone

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh ◽  
Sandy J. Thomalla ◽  
Thato N. Mtshali ◽  
Natasha R. van Horsten ◽  
Hazel Little
Keyword(s):  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Iron Availability ◽  
Iron Supply ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Iron Addition

Abstract. The seasonal and sub-seasonal dynamics of iron availability within the sub-Antarctic zone (SAZ, ~ 40–45° S) play an important role in the distribution, biomass and productivity of the phytoplankton community. The variability in iron availability is due to an interplay between winter entrainment, diapycnal diffusion, storm-driven entrainment, iron scavenging and iron recycling processes. Biological observations utilising grow-out iron addition incubation experiments were performed at different stages of the seasonal cycle within the SAZ to determine the importance of these supply mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that at the beginning of the growing season there is sufficient iron to meet the demands of the phytoplankton community, but as the growing season develops the supply mechanisms fail to meet this demand. Phytoplankton increase their photosynthetic efficiency and net growth rates following iron addition from mid to late summer, with no differences determined during early summer; suggestive of seasonal iron depletion and low iron resupply. The result of which is residual macronutrients at the end of the growing season, and the prevalence of the high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) condition. We conclude that despite the prolonged growing season characteristic of the sub-Antarctic zone, which can extend into late summer/early autumn, the results suggest that the iron supply mechanisms are insufficient to maintain potential maximal growth and productivity throughout the season.

Timing of Fertilizer Application Important for Management of Southern Pine Seed Orchards

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
R. C. Schmidtling
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Optimum Time ◽  
Female Flowering ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Fertilizers were applied at different dates during the growing season to orchard ramets of loblolly (Pinus taeda L), slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii), shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.), and Virginia pines (Pinus virginiana Mill.) to determine optimum time to enhance flowering. Depending on species, female flowering was increased by applications in mid- to late summer. Male flowering was increased most by applications in early summer.

The effect of grazing on a perennial veldt grass, subterranean clover pasture

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Consistent Treatment ◽  
Clover Pasture

The results of a grazing trial with Merino wether sheep on perennial veldt grass with subterranean clover are presented. During the four years 1944-45 to 1947-48 total pasture production under continuous grazing was almost identical with that under rotational grazing (one week's grazing followed by five weeks' rest). No consistent treatment differences were observed in sheep body-weight trends. In each year the weights increased during the growing season, remained stationary during early summer, and declined in late summer. The contribution of the perennial grass (Ehrharta calycina Sm.) declined rapidly with time, though more so under continuous grazing. This was associated with an increase in the proportion of subterranean clover in the sward. The lack of persistence of Ehrharta calycina is attributed to selective grazing, together with susceptibility to drastic defoliation. Alternative schemes for the use of this grass, involving restricted winter grazing, are suggested.

Plant production after defoliation of native, Northern Mixed Prairie on hummocky terrain in Saskatchewan

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pantel ◽  
J T Romo ◽  
Y. Bai
Keyword(s):  
Standing Crop ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Dormant Season ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Mixed Prairie ◽  
June July

Resting plants after grazing is central to sustaining potential plant production. Growth of graminoids and forbs was determined for 3 yr after a single defoliation to 7.5 cm in May, June, July, August, September, October, November, or April on five different landform elements in the Northern Mixed Prairie. Green standing crop and cumulative green standing crop of forbs, graminoids, and their total varied with months of defoliation, landform elements, and years after defoliation. Green standing crop and cumulative green standing crop of forbs, graminoids, and their total was less than the control (P ≤ 0.05) on at least one of five landform elements until the second year after defoliation. This pattern of growth suggests the need to defer grazing for at least 1 yr after use to allow plants to regain their production potential. Plants defoliated early in the growing season recovered their production sooner or at the same time as those defoliated later in the growing season or when dormant. Generalizations that spring or early summer defoliation of native range reduces production and late summer or dormant season grazing has no effect on production warrants reconsideration where adequate rest is provided following a short period of grazing.Key words: Landform, landscape, primary production, rangeland, regrowth, standing crop

scholarly journals The seasonal abundance of the newly established parasitoid complex of the Eucalyptus tortoise beetle (Paropsis charybdis)

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Jones ◽  
T.M. Withers
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Eucalyptus Nitens ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Tortoise Beetle

Enoggera nassaui has been the key biological control agent of the eucalyptus tortoise beetle Paropsis charybdis since 1987 In 2001 a second egg parasitoid Neopolycystus insectifurax as well as an obligate hyperparasitoid of E nassaui Baeoanusia albifunicle were detected in New Zealand Monitoring of Eucalyptus nitens plantations in the central North Island revealed that 50 of P charybdis eggs in half the sites were parasitised by E nassaui in early summer However later in the season this was followed by a reduction to 10 parasitism by E nassaui the remaining 40 of parasitised eggs being hyperparasitised by B albifunicle Neopolycystus insectifurax parasitised an additional 35100 of eggs in late summer This indicates that while B albifunicle has the potential to severely reduce the effectiveness of E nassaui the new agent N insectifurax is a promising alternative

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