The effect of grazing on a perennial veldt grass, subterranean clover pasture

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Consistent Treatment ◽  
Clover Pasture

The results of a grazing trial with Merino wether sheep on perennial veldt grass with subterranean clover are presented. During the four years 1944-45 to 1947-48 total pasture production under continuous grazing was almost identical with that under rotational grazing (one week's grazing followed by five weeks' rest). No consistent treatment differences were observed in sheep body-weight trends. In each year the weights increased during the growing season, remained stationary during early summer, and declined in late summer. The contribution of the perennial grass (Ehrharta calycina Sm.) declined rapidly with time, though more so under continuous grazing. This was associated with an increase in the proportion of subterranean clover in the sward. The lack of persistence of Ehrharta calycina is attributed to selective grazing, together with susceptibility to drastic defoliation. Alternative schemes for the use of this grass, involving restricted winter grazing, are suggested.

Long-term persistence of subterranean clover Trifolium subterraneum L.) cultivars at three sites in south-western Victoria

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 531
Author(s):  
S. G. Clark ◽  
J. Li ◽  
A. M. Johnson ◽  
G. N. Ward ◽  
J. F. Chin
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Black Seeds ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Annual Weeds

Summary. The seed banks of 6 subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) cultivars were sampled at 3 abandoned cultivar evaluation experiments in south-western Victoria (Hamilton, Macarthur and Timboon). Two were var. yanninicum (Trikkala and Larisa) and 4 were var. subterraneum (Denmark, Goulburn, Karridale and Leura). Seed was sampled in late summer–early autumn 1993, between 6 and 10 years after the sites were established and between 3 and 7 years after the sites were abandoned. The collected seed was separated into black and white seed, and a sample of the black seed was grown in a glasshouse and identified as either belonging to the sown cultivar or belonging to another cultivar/genotype. All white seed was assumed to belong to the sown cultivar. The aim was to determine if these widely used cultivars were persisting under farm management conditions and competition from perennial grass, other subterranean clover and annual weeds. With some variation between sites all cultivars were found to be persisting satisfactorily. Over the 3 sites, white-seeded cultivars averaged 460 kg/ha and 6640 seeds/m2; black-seeded cultivars averaged 260 kg/ha and 5590 seeds/m2. Contamination with other subterranean clover cultivars/ecotypes was generally low, except at Macarthur where the white-seeded cultivars were heavily contaminated (Trikkala 39% pure; Larisa 57% pure) with black seeds highlighting the poor adaptation of var. yanninicum to light soil types. Of the black seeds, over the 3 sites, average contamination level was 13% and ranged from 41% (Goulburn at Macarthur) to 1% (Leura at Timboon). The study indicates that in south-western Victoria, all the recently released cultivars are likely to persist and be productive, and that the small-plot evaluation techniques used to identify potential new cultivars are likely to be adequate if replicated in space and if the clovers are sown in mixed swards with perennial grass.

Performance of breeding ewes on lucerne-subterranean clover pastures

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 758 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Hall ◽  
EC Wolfe ◽  
BR Cullis
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
Lamb Growth

Pasture production, ewe and lamb growth, ewe wool production and diet quality were studied on lucerne-subterranean clover pastures at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. Lucerne was sown at rates of 0.75 to 3.0 kg/ha, and the pastures were rotationally grazed with Border Leicester x Merino ewes at 9.6 or 12.7 sheep/ha, the ewes lambing in August- September. Lucerne density declined by 45% over the 3 years on all treatments. The clover cultivar sown, Woogenellup, had low persistence, particularly at 12.7 sheep/ha. The density of lucerne had little effect on annual wool and lamb production, although the ewes grew faster on the denser lucerne in summer and the sparser lucerne in winter. At 12- 7 sheep/ha, there was an extra 19% total lamb weight by the end of November and an extra 22% of finer wool (1 �m) annually, but the fleeces had a higher proportion of wool tenderness. The major limitations of the lucerne-subterranean clover pastures to sheep production were the low quality of the diet in early summer, and low pasture production in late winter. In early summer the lucerne was rapidly consumed, leaving only moderate quality clover and grass residues, which limited lamb growth, while in winter pregnancy toxaemia occurred, fleeces were tender and wool growth was low, particularly during a drought in 1976.

Effect of season, trash and fungicides on fungi associated with subterranean clover

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Barbetti
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Fungal Population ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Clover Pasture

In field studies we monitored the effects of time of season, trash and fungicides on the populations of fungi associated with leaves and petioles of newly sown subterranean clover, particularly in relation to the development of disease symptoms. These effects were compared with the fungal population changes occurring in a nearby established subterranean clover pasture. A range of fungi, notably Leptosphaerulina trifolii, Phoma medicaginis and Stemphylium globuliferum, were found to colonise subterranean clover cotyledons, leaves and petioles readily throughout the growing season from as early as 1 week after emergence. The incidence of L. trifolii and S. globuliferum was reasonably consistent throughout the growing season. Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., Myrothecium verrucaria, P. medicaginis and Trichoderma spp. were more prevalent later in the season. Fusarium avenaceum and other Fusarium spp. were more prevalent early in the season, while Pithomyces chatarum and S. botryosum were more prevalent midseason. The fungi isolated showed no ability, under the conditions of this investigation, to cause disease, and there was no correlation between fungi isolated and disease symptoms observed. The incidence of several fungi, especially L. trifolii and P. medicaginis, was greatly increased by the presence of trash from the previous season but was greatly decreased by regular applications of fungicide.

scholarly journals Fungicide timing for control of summer rots of apples

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
K.R. Everett ◽  
O.E. Timudo-Torrevilla ◽  
J.T. Taylor ◽  
J. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Lesion Diameter ◽  
Final Assessment

Control of preharvest summer rot in cv Royal Gala apple in the Waikato district during the 2006/2007 growing season was evaluated There were six treatments and an unsprayed control Three treatments investigated the effect of timing by applying tolyfluanid mancozeb captan and copper sequentially at 1014 day intervals in October and early November (spring) November and December (early summer) or January and February (late summer) The fourth treatment was two applications of carbendazim in early October (flowering) and there were two biological control treatments Bacillus subtilis QST713 and Serratia marcescens HR42 applied at 1014 day intervals from flowering (October) to harvest (February) Compared with the unsprayed treatment the most effective control was achieved by fungicide applications during either November/December or January/February Due to large variation in the data differences were not statistically significant but mean lesion diameter at final assessment for these treatments was 29 and 35 of controls respectively The other treatments did not control rots

Effect of spelling newly sown pastures

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
RCG Smith ◽  
EF Biddiscombe ◽  
WR Stern
Keyword(s):  
Growth Form ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass

Newly sown pure swards of Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) were either grazed or spelled (deferred) for five weeks after emergence in autumn and then evaluated with young Merino wethers stocked at 10 sheep ha-1. Sheep on deferred pastures had higher intakes and liveweight than on plots continuously grazed. Spelling increased the availability of pasture for prehension due to a greater weight of herbage being offered and the more erect growth form. Under continuous grazing the animal productivity on clover was much lower than on ryegrass but following deferment, both species had similar productivity. The beneficial effects of spelling after emergence were manifest over the ensuing ten months by liveweight, fleeceweight and number of days of grazing. Spelling also increased seed reserves at the end of summer and the number of plants re-establishing at the beginning of the next growing season.

scholarly journals Seasonal development of iron limitation in the sub-Antarctic zone

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (14) ◽  
pp. 4647-4660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh ◽  
Sandy J. Thomalla ◽  
Thato N. Mtshali ◽  
Natasha R. van Horsten ◽  
Hazel J. Little
Keyword(s):  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Iron Availability ◽  
Iron Supply ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Iron Addition

Abstract. The seasonal and sub-seasonal dynamics of iron availability within the sub-Antarctic zone (SAZ; ∼40–45∘ S) play an important role in the distribution, biomass and productivity of the phytoplankton community. The variability in iron availability is due to an interplay between winter entrainment, diapycnal diffusion, storm-driven entrainment, atmospheric deposition, iron scavenging and iron recycling processes. Biological observations utilizing grow-out iron addition incubation experiments were performed at different stages of the seasonal cycle within the SAZ to determine whether iron availability at the time of sampling was sufficient to meet biological demands at different times of the growing season. Here we demonstrate that at the beginning of the growing season, there is sufficient iron to meet the demands of the phytoplankton community, but that as the growing season develops the mean iron concentrations in the mixed layer decrease and are insufficient to meet biological demand. Phytoplankton increase their photosynthetic efficiency and net growth rates following iron addition from midsummer to late summer, with no differences determined during early summer, suggestive of seasonal iron depletion and an insufficient resupply of iron to meet biological demand. The result of this is residual macronutrients at the end of the growing season and the prevalence of the high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) condition. We conclude that despite the prolonged growing season characteristic of the SAZ, which can extend into late summer/early autumn, results nonetheless suggest that iron supply mechanisms are insufficient to maintain potential maximal growth and productivity throughout the season.

Shoot apical growth and cataphyll initiation rates in provenances of Pinusconforta in Scotland

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin G. R. Cannell
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Model Matching ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Apical Dome ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Component C ◽  
Doubling Times

The dynamics of terminal bud development on seven 3-year-old nursery-grown provenances of Pinuscontorta Dougl. were monitored by sampling buds at 1- to 3-weekly intervals during one growing season. Differences in rates of cataphyll initiation occurred which were analysed in terms of (a) the projected areas of the apical domes, which changed over the season, (b) the relative rates at which the apical domes expanded radially during a plastochrone (square millimetres per square millimetre), as shown by the extent to which the new cataphyll primordia receded away from the domes, and (c) the projected areas of the tissues used to form new cataphyll primordia. Component a was a measure of the size of the apical dome meristems and b was a measure of their rates of 'activity.' A model-matching method is described to measure b.Those provenances which produced most cataphylls during the growing season developed and maintained large apical domes (component a above). There were unexpectedly small provenance differences in the apical dome 'activity' in midsummer (component b defined above), although differences occurred in spring and autumn. Differences in the projected areas of the new cataphyll primordia (component c) were inversely related to cataphyll initiation rates. Apical dome tissue doubling times in midsummer were estimated to be less than 120 h, irrespective of provenance.Inland provenances had small but relatively 'active' apical domes in spring, but they produced cataphyll primordia as products of this growth rather than reinvesting in apical dome 'capital.' Consequently, their apical domes remained small. Coastal Alaskan provenances, on the other hand, developed large apical domes, but these domes ceased to be very 'active' after the end of August. The apical domes on south coastal provenances did not become 'active' until early summer, but their domes were relatively large even in spring, became much larger by late summer, and they remained 'active' until mid-September.Implications are noted regarding cross-breeding of complementary genotypes to increase needle production and height growth.

scholarly journals Establishment, production and regeneration of subterranean clovers in the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand

2018 ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Sonya T Olykan ◽  
Richard J Lucas ◽  
Carmen SP Teixeira ◽  
Richard A Subtil ◽  
Derrick J Moot
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Hieracium Pilosella ◽  
Mackenzie Basin ◽  
High Aluminium

The ‘Red Flats’ on Omarama Station in the Mackenzie Basin, has a winter cold, summer dry environment and soils with low plant available water (<60 mm in the top 1 m), and low pH(H2O) (5.2) and high aluminium (8 mg/kg) below 75 mm. The site received 3 t of lime, 300 kg sulphur-super, boron (B), molybdenum (Mo) and herbicides to eliminate hieracium (Hieracium pilosella). Twelve cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneaum), ‘Bolta’ balansa clover (T. michelianum), and perennial ‘Rossi’ red clover (T. pratense), were direct-drilled in February 2016. Over the next 3 years their frost tolerance, productivity and persistence were compared with the resident haresfoot clover (T. arvense). Balansa and the subterranean clovers all survived the 2016 and 2017 winters. The subterranean clovers maximum yield was 4.3 t DM/ ha after successful germination in February 2016 when sufficient rain extended the spring growing season into November. Subterranean clover cultivars from subspecies subterraneum yielded well in 2016, averaging 3.3 t DM/ha, as did the brachycalycinum ‘Antas’ with 3 t DM/ha. During the short season of 2017, the subterraneum ssp. cultivars ‘Denmark’ and ‘Karridale’ established the highest ground covers and ‘Antas’ the lowest. In 2018, ‘Antas’ had the lowest emergence rate and autumn yield. ‘Karridale’ had the highest re-establishment rate and the yanninicum ‘Trikkala’ the highest autumn yield (1.3 t DM/ha). Cultivars with low hardseededness ratings were the most successful at re-establishment in autumn 2017. Balansa clover was also persistent. In the favourable 2016 growing season the late-flowering resident haresfoot clover grew into early summer and yielded 3.7 t DM/ha. Red clover yielded 1 t DM/ha in 2016, but did not persist. Results suggest that medium-late flowering softer seeded subterranean clover cultivars and ‘Bolta’ balansa clover, are suitable for this environment.

scholarly journals Seasonal development of iron limitation in the sub-Antarctic zone

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh ◽  
Sandy J. Thomalla ◽  
Thato N. Mtshali ◽  
Natasha R. van Horsten ◽  
Hazel Little
Keyword(s):  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Iron Availability ◽  
Iron Supply ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Iron Addition

Abstract. The seasonal and sub-seasonal dynamics of iron availability within the sub-Antarctic zone (SAZ, ~ 40–45° S) play an important role in the distribution, biomass and productivity of the phytoplankton community. The variability in iron availability is due to an interplay between winter entrainment, diapycnal diffusion, storm-driven entrainment, iron scavenging and iron recycling processes. Biological observations utilising grow-out iron addition incubation experiments were performed at different stages of the seasonal cycle within the SAZ to determine the importance of these supply mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that at the beginning of the growing season there is sufficient iron to meet the demands of the phytoplankton community, but as the growing season develops the supply mechanisms fail to meet this demand. Phytoplankton increase their photosynthetic efficiency and net growth rates following iron addition from mid to late summer, with no differences determined during early summer; suggestive of seasonal iron depletion and low iron resupply. The result of which is residual macronutrients at the end of the growing season, and the prevalence of the high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) condition. We conclude that despite the prolonged growing season characteristic of the sub-Antarctic zone, which can extend into late summer/early autumn, the results suggest that the iron supply mechanisms are insufficient to maintain potential maximal growth and productivity throughout the season.

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