scholarly journals José Enrique Rodó: The Birth of Latin America Out of Spiritual Revolt

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-200
Author(s):  
Hans Schelkshorn
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
South American ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The South ◽  
Jose Vasconcelos ◽  
Greek Culture ◽  
Jose Enrique Rodo ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract In the second half of the 19th century positivism became the official state doctrine of many countries in southern America. Around 1900, however, the authoritarian positivistic regimes were increasingly criticized due to their cultural imitation on the Anglo-Saxon world and the atheistic ideology. In this context, José Enrique Rodó, a poet and philosopher of Uruguay, called for a critical and creative re-adoption of the “Latin” roots of southern America, specifically Greek culture and early Christianity. In his essay “Ariel” (1900), Rodó sparked a spiritual revolt that especially affected the youth of the whole continent. In contrast to Nietzsche but on the basis of secular reason, Rodó defended a religion of love, which inspired important philosophies in the 20th century, from José Vasconcelos and Antonio Caso to the theologies and philosophies of liberation. Thus, “Latin America” as a self-designation of the South American peoples was essentially inaugurated through the spiritual revolt initiated by José Enrique Rodó.

Latin American Jewish Literature

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Stavans
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
American Jewish ◽  
The 19Th Century

Jewish writing in Latin America is a centuries-old tradition dating back to the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. During the colonial period, it manifested itself among crypto-Jews who hid their religious identity for fear of being persecuted by the Holy Office of the Inquisition. Assimilation mostly decimated this chapter, which is often seen as connected with Sephardic literature after the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492. New waves of Jews arrived in the last third of the 19th century from two geographic locations: the Ottoman Empire (this wave is described as Levantine and its languages as Ladino, French, Spanish, and Arabic) and eastern Europe (or Ashkenazi with Yiddish, German, and central European tongues). Jewish life thrived in Latin America throughout the 20th century. The largest, most artistically productive communities were in Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, and Mexico, and smaller ones existed in Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Guatemala, Panama, and Uruguay. Identity as a theme permeates everything written by Latin American Jewish writers. Central issues defining this literary tradition are immigration, anti-Semitism, World War II, Zionism, and the Middle Eastern conflict. The Jewish literary tradition in Latin America has undergone crossovers as a result of translations, global marketing, and the polyglot nature of several of its practitioners. This field of study is still in its infancy. Some important studies on Latin American Jewish history, either continental in scope or by country, appeared in the late 20th century and serve as context for the analysis. The literature has received less attention (some periods, such as the 19th century, are entirely forgotten), although, as this article attests, things are changing. The foundation for daring, in-depth literary explorations as well as interdisciplinary analysis is already in place. When possible this article showcases available monographs, although important research material remains scattered in periodicals and edited volumes.

scholarly journals Lomber, spaddilía, basti, ponti ...: Um nokkur spænsk spilaorð í íslensku

Orð og tunga ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 27-43
Author(s):  
Erla Erlendsdótt ir
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The South ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
The North ◽  
The 19Th Century

At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century the cardplay l’hombre was very popular in Iceland. This play probably came to Iceland from Denmark around the middle of the 19th century. This paper deals with some words which belong to his game and are of Spanish origin as well as the game itself. These Spanish loan-words have travelled from the south to the north through French and Danish until entering Icelandic. Many of the words are still used when the game is played; words like, for example, basti, spaddilía, manilía, matador, koðradilla, ponti, as well as the name of the cardplay, lomber.

scholarly journals Twentieth-century astronomical heritage: the case of the Brazilian National Observatory

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (A29A) ◽  
pp. 106-108
Author(s):  
Christina Helena Barboza
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
South American ◽  
National Observatory ◽  
South American Country ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Instruments

AbstractThis paper aims at contributing to the UNESCO-IAU Astronomy and World Heritage Initiative's discussions by presenting the case study of a 20th-century observatory located in a South American country. In fact, the National Observatory of Brazil was created in the beginning of the 19th century, but its present facilities were inaugurated in 1921. Through this paper a brief description of the heritage associated with the Brazilian observatory is given, focused on its main historical instruments and the scientific and social roles it performed along its history. By way of conclusion, the paper suggests that the creation of the Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences with its multidisciplinary team of academic specialists and technicians was decisive for the preservation of that expressive astronomical heritage.

scholarly journals Women and science: Reflections on female access to university studies in Chile in the 20th century

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 003
Author(s):  
Romané V. Landaeta Sepúlveda
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Latin America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
University Studies ◽  
Women And Science ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

This text examines the different stages of women’s access to higher education in Chile throughout the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It inquires into the reflections that emerged on the need to educate women in Latin America, examines the scientific development of women in Chilean universities and It investigates the debates that emerged in the Chilean society regarding to the entry of women in the University. The paper also makes a reflexion about the problems that women had to face they made the decision to enter in the university.

scholarly journals MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY IN THE RESEARCH OF NATIVE SCIENTISTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Nataliia Cherhik
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
The South ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article presents publications of the late 19th – early20th centuries, in which museum materials of Ukrainian originare studied and published. This refers to museum catalogs,albums and reports. The purpose of this article is to trace thedynamics of the use of these publications in scientific researchof colleagues during the late 19th – early 21th centuries. Theproposed analysis proved the fact that museographicpublications have acted an important role in scientificresearch for a long time, starting from the moment they werepublished until the present time. It was also found that as ahistorical source, museography was emphasized in threedirections: the basis for conclusions about historical facts; thefoundation for the protection of objects of history and museumresearch; and for museum attribution work. The context of theuse of museum publications has changed. In the 19th century,they were used to show the development of museums in thesouth of the Russian Empire. In the Soviet period, "prerevolutionary" museum publications were perceived as tracesof "bourgeois science." Modern researchers consider museumcatalogs, albums, reports of the late 19th – early 20th centuries as one of the aspects of themanifestation of the process of national revival in Ukraine at the frontier of the century. It was alsonoted that at the end of the 19th and throughout the 20th century, publications of archaeologicalcollections were more popular, especially materials found in the south of Ukraine. In the 21st century,the attention of researchers was attracted by materials from the period of the Cossacks. In general,there was a stable interest in Ukrainian museum publications of the late 19th – early 20th centuries.

scholarly journals The Canzone Napoletana Phenomenon in the reflection of scientific critical thought

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 98-112
Author(s):  
Fuyin Yang
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
The South ◽  
Weak State ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Past

Introduction. The Neapolitan song is a phenomenon associated with stable patterns of perception. This was a consequence of the popularity of the genre in the field of “light music”, when from the end of the 19th century to the 1970s, other non-pop forms of Canzone Napoletana were ousted from the musical context and the minds of listeners. The transfer of interest from authenticity to the field of musical “pop culture” naturally provoked a certain mode of silence in the research environment. Little interest in the study of the genre indicated a lag in scientific and analytical processes in comparison with practical results. Background. The active studying phase of the South of Italy song tradition falls on the middle of the 20th century and is associated with the activities of a music critic, professor of ethnomusicology Diego Carpitella (1924−1990). This defender of Italian folklore took an active part in ethnographic expeditions and the 1950s discussions, collected more than 5,000 songs, and paid special attention to the music of southern Italy. An important contribution was also made by Roberto De Simone (born 1933) – Italian theater director, composer and ethnomusicologist, founder of Nuova Compagnia di Canto Popolare (from 1967 to the present). Today, the fate of the historical past of Canzone Napoletana appears to be the object of close attention in Italy. This is evidenced by regularly held international conferences dedicated to the stylistics and poetics of Neapolitan song, its historical past, personalities who made a significant contribution to the formation of the genre, as well as monographs of various topics. Objective of the researching. In Ukrainian and Chinese musicology, the state of elaboration of the information field on the issue of Canzone Napoletana is extremely weak. Therefore, it seems relevant to refer to the review of foreign scientific sources. Thus, the subject of research in this article is the tradition of scientific and critical understanding of the phenomenon of Neapolitan song, formed at the crossroads of different areas of modern Italian art history. The identification of the leading issues in the coverage of the phenomenon of Canzone Napoletana in the works of modern scientists is the subject of this article. The research material, on the one hand, is a song “Te vogliо Bene assaje” as an example of commercialization of the genre, on the other hand – a monograph “La canzone napoletana. Tra memoria e innovazione” (2013). Results. The prerequisites for modern scientific thought aimed at studying the musical folklore of the South of Italy first arose in the 19th century. In the context of Romanticism’s interest in folk culture, musicological search was more of a practical nature: collection and recording of the texts of Neapolitan songs, musical notation of samples of spoken creativity. The origin of these processes is investigated in the collective monograph “La canzone napoletana. Tra memoria e innovazione” (2013) prepared by historians, sociologists, anthropologists, musicians. They entered a group for the study of Neapolitan song on the initiative by Institute for Studies on the Mediterranean (ISSM, Italy). Paola Avallone points to the ability of Neapolitan music to sublimate the musical traditions of various Mediterranean peoples, due to contact with the southern regions through geographic, commercial interaction. In Italy itself, the Neapolitan song is already recognized as a cultural phenomenon, the uniqueness of which is surprising against the background of the region’s economic problems, the depletion of its natural resources, and weak state financial support. The study of Neapolitan song at an interdisciplinary level dictates the development of such directions as: historical, methodological, scientific-analytical, morphological. The Neapolitan song is inextricably linked with the cultural environment of the southerners, their special “lifestyle”, mythological and religious ideas. Marialuisa Stazio characterizes the Neapolitan song of the late 19th century as unique because of its strong connection to collective memory. The attitude to the Canzone Napoletana as a certain musical archetype reveals the insufficiency of methods and imperfection of the tools of analysis due to the archaic nature of the origins of the Canzone Napoletana, as well as because of the incompleteness of its evolution from 1824 to 1970. Many of the samples created during this period have many similarities. At the same time, the forms of communication changed: from “flying” leaflets to “compilations” – collections of Neapolitan songs, like “Passatempi musicali” by G. Cottrau; from author’s songs to the involvement of the media in the 20th century, “television festivals of the Neapolitan song”. In the last decade, the Internet resources YouTube, Spotify, Pandora have played a decisive role in promoting the musical product Musica Napoletana. Conclusions. The Neapolitan song is of interest as a cultural and economic phenomenon. It has turned into a “tourist” product, a souvenir, which fully represents the cultural originality of the southern region, acts as a carrier of the cultural code of the nation and the Mediterranean as a whole. The problem of its preservation, as well as of bringing the existing developments in the field of ethnomusicology to a common denominator, giving them a certain integrity, remains urgent.

Turkish Agrarian Debate: New Arguments and Old Scores

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 81-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zülküf Aydιn
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The 19Th Century

The characterization of agrarian structures in contemporary underdeveloped countries has been haunting social scientists for a long time. As in Latin America and India, from the late sixties onwards a strong controversy emerged among Marxists in Turkey concerning the question of why capitalism had not transformed rural structures in Turkey (J. Harris, 1982; R. L. Harris, 1978; Aydın 1986). The question of capitalist transformation of the countryside occupied the minds of classical Marxist thinkers like Kautsky, Lenin, Luxembourg at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.

Streams of Latin American Protestant Theology

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-116
Author(s):  
Ryan R. Gladwin
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Secondary Intention ◽  
American Protestantism ◽  
Theology Of Mission ◽  
Societal Changes ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract Although church historians often call the 19th century the Great Century of Protestant mission, for Latin America it was the 20th century that was the great century of Protestant growth and expansion. The 20th century witnessed vast societal changes and the realization of systemic poverty and injustice as well as the exponential growth, pentecostalization, and diversification of Latin American Protestantism. Latin American Protestant Theology emerged during this century of change. This text provides an introduction to Latin American Protestant Theology by engaging its dominant theological streams (Liberal, Evangelical, and Pentecostal) and how they understand themselves through the lens of mission. The text offers both a critique of the Christendom cartography that is dominant in Latin American Protestant Theology as well as suggestions for how to move towards a transformative theology of mission. The primary intention of this text is to offer an informed outline and analysis of the theological landscape of Latin American Protestantism. The secondary intention of this book is to note the contributions as well as deficiencies of the streams of LAPT in the hope to signal a possible path towards the development of an integral, transformative, contextual, and decolonial theological voice.

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