scholarly journals Show avalanche slide conditions in Chornohora Massif (Ukrainian Carpathians)

2016 ◽  
pp. 359-368
Author(s):  
Ieuhen Tykhanovych ◽  
Volodymyr Bilanyuk
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Landscape Structure ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Research Information ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Genetic Types ◽  
Technical Report ◽  
Formation Conditions ◽  
Avalanche Formation

There are about eighty avalanche geocomplexes, which belong to different classes according to avalanche activity, in the mountain massif Chornohora. One of the main tasks is an investigation of natural conditions of avalanche formation because of snow mass slide process influence on the environment and human activities. Snow-avalanche formation conditions within landscape complexes of Chornohora mountain massif in Ukrainian Carpathians, depending on group of factors (landscape structure, meteorological quantity and phenomenon and other), are considered. Special attention is paid to study the morphological structure of snow and stratification structure of snow cover as the main avalanche slide factors. The landscape structure and relief of territory with avalanche activity are analyzed. All avalanche genetic types, which are identified in the Chornohora mountain massif, are located on the steep and very steep slope on old-glacial relief forms (slope steepness – 15–45° (Miller, 1966)). Avalanche activity within research territory limits of the Pozhyzhevska snow-avalanche station was analyzed and short characteristic of avalanche subperiod during research time was presented. The dynamics of snow depth and snow cower structure, temperature regime of air and snow during research period was investigated. The main indexes of meteorological phenomena, which are typical for the days when avalanche activity was identified, were determined. Analysis of meteorological quantity and phenomenon indexes is realized on the base of own research information and technical report of Pozhyzhevska snow-avalanche station. Based on the results of the investigation natural conditions of snow avalanche slide of all genetic types (polygenetic (inducted by snowfall and blizzard) and epigenetic (inducted by the melt of snow – insolation and advection process)) were determined. The typical profile of snow cover, which is characterized by avalanche sliding process, is proposed for every genetic type of avalanche. The characteristics of snow profiles are presented in figures. Key words: avalanche, Ukrainian Carpathians, snow cover, meteorological phenomena.

scholarly journals Natural conditions of the formation of the monument of Maly Gonbinsky Kordon-2 of the Odintsovo Culture of Altai in the 4th–8th centuries A.D.

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
O.N. Baryshnikova ◽  
M.V. Mikharevich ◽  
S.P. Grushin ◽  
V.O. Saybert
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Structure ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Green Moss ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Ob River ◽  
River Region

The study is aimed at reconstructing the natural and climatic conditions of the Upper Ob River region (south of Western Siberia) in the early Middle Ages (4th–8th centuries A.D.), based on the paleosol data obtained from the fortified settlements of Maly Gonbinsky Kordon-2/11 and Maly Gonbinsky Kordon-2 / 6-3. Settlements are located on the terrace of the right bank of the Ob River. The fortification elements are represented by a horse-shoe-shaped system of a ditch and a rampart, adjacent to the edge of the above-floodplain terrace, inside which there were dwellings and outbuildings. Archaeological investigations of the settlements permitted to study the sediments of the first terrace above the floodplain and to select core samples for palynological analysis. Applica-tion of this method allowed reconstruction of the vegetation during the occupational period of the complex of monuments MGK-2. For interpreting of the actual data, the method of landscape analysis was employed. The need for its application for carrying out paleogeographic reconstructions is warranted by the presence of the relict elements in the morphological structure of the landscapes. To establish their paleogeographic status, within the framework of this study, there was determined the percentage ratio of the amount of pollen and seeds of plants extracted from the deposits of the first above-floodplain terrace, corresponding to the existence of the Odintsovo Culture and belonging to different ecological groups. As the result, the dominance of sparse birch forests and forb dry meadows in the landscape structure of that time was established, whereas the vegetation associations featu-ring pine forests were in the status of progressive elements of the landscape structure. Also, supersedence of birch forb forests by green moss pine forests was revealed. The use of the landscape approach allowed recon-struction of natural conditions of the territory occupied by the complex of fortified settlements of MGK-2. On the basis of the digital elevation model, 3D visualization of the surface of the sediments overlapping the cultural layer of the monuments was rendered, which shows the location of the objects at the lowest elevations of the surface I above the floodplain terrace and the effects of the surface water flow. This necessitated construction of a drai-nage system, the main elements of which might be represented by shallow ditches.

Obtaining of Collagen Extracts Used as Biomaterials with Applications in the Medical Field

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Melat Cherim ◽  
Rodica Sîrbu
Keyword(s):  
Core Protein ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Supramolecular Organization ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Genetic Types ◽  
Nano Structures ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Function

Collagen is the core protein of connective tissues: skin, bone, tendon, base membrane, etc. Collagen is actually a family of several different genetic types. Currently they are known, in vertebrates, at least 27 different types of collagens, which shows a remarkable diversity in molecular and supramolecular organization of the tissue distribution and function, discovered and developed over 45 years. They were studied, in detail, 12 main types. Collagen-based bioproducts can be produced in a variety of molecular structures (micro and nano structures) in powder form, hydrogels and injectable solutions, films, membranes and matrices, etc. This paper presents the drying processes that are selected depending on the nature of the extract (undenatured or denatured) and morphological structure bioproduct or sponge, fibers or membranes. The most frequently used procedures for drying are freeze-drying and free drying at a temperature of approx. 25 ° C. Both processes produce no distorts to the extracts They are presented bioproducts derived from collagen which are used in medicine.

scholarly journals The 2017 Rigopiano Avalanche—Dynamics Inferred from Field Observations

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Dieter Issler
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Flow Front ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Vulnerability Curve ◽  
Abruzzo Region ◽  
Avalanche Dynamics ◽  
Different Parts

Data on the disastrous snow avalanche that occurred on 18 January 2017 at the spa hotel Rigopiano, municipality of Farindola in the Abruzzo region of central Italy, are analyzed in different ways. The main results are the following. (i) The 2017 Rigopiano avalanche went beyond the run-out point predicted by the topographic-statistical α-β model with standard Norwegian calibration, while avalanches in neighboring paths appear to have run no farther than the β-point of their respective paths during the same period. (ii) The curvature and super-elevation of the trimline between 1500 and 1300 m a.s.l. indicate that the velocity of the front was around 40 m s−1. In contrast, the tail velocity of the avalanche can hardly have exceeded 25 m s−1 in the same segment. (iii) The deposits observed along all of the lower track and in the run-out zone suggest that the avalanche eroded essentially the entire snow cover, but fully entrained only a moderate amount of snow (and debris). The entrainment appears to have had a considerable decelerating effect on the flow front. (iv) Estimates of the degree to which different parts of the building were damaged is combined with information about the location of the persons in the building and their fates. This allows to refine a preliminary vulnerability curve for persons in buildings obtained from the 2015 Longyearbyen avalanche, Svalbard.

scholarly journals Modeling the influence of snow cover temperature and water content on wet-snow avalanche runout

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 869-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Vera Valero ◽  
Nander Wever ◽  
Marc Christen ◽  
Perry Bartelt
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Contingency Table Analysis ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Table Analysis

Abstract. Snow avalanche motion is strongly dependent on the temperature and water content of the snow cover. In this paper we use a snow cover model, driven by measured meteorological data, to set the initial and boundary conditions for wet-snow avalanche calculations. The snow cover model provides estimates of snow height, density, temperature and liquid water content. This information is used to prescribe fracture heights and erosion heights for an avalanche dynamics model. We compare simulated runout distances with observed avalanche deposition fields using a contingency table analysis. Our analysis of the simulations reveals a large variability in predicted runout for tracks with flat terraces and gradual slope transitions to the runout zone. Reliable estimates of avalanche mass (height and density) in the release and erosion zones are identified to be more important than an exact specification of temperature and water content. For wet-snow avalanches, this implies that the layers where meltwater accumulates in the release zone must be identified accurately as this defines the height of the fracture slab and therefore the release mass. Advanced thermomechanical models appear to be better suited to simulate wet-snow avalanche inundation areas than existing guideline procedures if and only if accurate snow cover information is available.

Northern-Hemisphere snow cover patterns and formation conditions in winter 2007 and 2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-413
Author(s):  
Hongyan Cui ◽  
Fangli Qiao ◽  
Qi Shu ◽  
Long Yu
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Formation Conditions

Application of the snow cover model SNOWPACK to snow avalanche warning in Niseko, Japan

2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouichi Nishimura ◽  
Emiko Baba ◽  
Hiroyuki Hirashima ◽  
Michael Lehning
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Avalanche Warning

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF SNOW AVALANCHE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ROAD NETWORK - A CASE STUDY OF ALAKNANDA BASIN

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-5 ◽  
pp. 461-468
Author(s):  
V. Singh ◽  
P. K. Thakur ◽  
V. Garg ◽  
S. P. Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Western Himalaya ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Static Parameter ◽  
The Road ◽  
Avalanche Formation

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Snow avalanche occurring in a micro-climatic condition causing hydro-geo (Hydrological and geological) hazard to the deployed armed forces and nearby inhabitant to the North Western Himalaya about 3000 MSL. In recent years, frequencies of snow avalanche have increase and consequently the death toll have also surged to many folds. These unavoidable occurrences not only cause road blocks which disrupts transportation connectivity in the rugged terrain of Himalaya as well as loss of infrastructure and life. Here, in this study an attempt has been made to assess the susceptibility of road network of Alaknanda Basin from snow avalanche. Potential avalanche formation zones have been generated using Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM. Advance Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation (GDEM) 30 meter has been used to generate static parameters like slope, aspect, curvature etc. using GIS platform. ISRO-Geosphere Biosphere Program Land Use Land Cover (LULC) used as another static parameter. Weights are generated using comparison matrix and ratings to different static parameter layers assigned on the basis of field visit and literature review while the road network are digitized from Google earth. A methodology has been prepared to categorize the road stretches on the basis of potential snow avalanche formation zone including hydrological processing. Buffer zone are assigned with weights according to potential snow avalanche formation zones. Later roads are intersected with sub basin with assigned values that resulted very high avalanche potential zonation, considered as most susceptible to snow avalanche hazard.</p>

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