Penicillin G Procaine, Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, and Hydrocortisone Acetate Topical Suspension

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Hydrocortisone Acetate

Effect of Conjugated Bile Salts on Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bile Salt–Tolerant Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Isolates

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 1369-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM P. CHARTERIS ◽  
PHILLIP M. KELLY ◽  
LORENZO MORELLI ◽  
J. KEVIN COLLINS
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Drug Combinations ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Conjugated Bile Salts

Virtually every antibiotic may cause in vivo alterations in the number, level, and composition of the indigenous microbiotae. The degree to which the microbiotae are disturbed depends on many factors. Although bile may augment antibiotic activity, studies on the effect of bile on the antibiotic susceptibility of indigenous and exogenous probiotic microorganisms are lacking. It was against this background that the antibiotic susceptibility of 37 bile salt–tolerant Lactobacillus and 11 Bifidobacterium isolates from human and other sources was determined in the presence of 0.5% wt/wt oxgall (conjugated bile salts). Oxgall did not affect the intrinsic resistance of lactobacilli to metronidazole (5 μg), vancomycin (30 μg), and cotrimoxazole (25 μg), whereas it resulted in a complete loss of resistance to polymyxin B (300 μg) and the aminoglycosides gentamicin (10 μg), kanamycin (30 μg), and streptomycin (10 μg) for most strains studied (P < 0.001). Oxgall did not affect the intrinsic resistance of bifidobacteria to metronidazole and vancomycin, whereas polymyxin B and co-trimoxazole resistance was diminished (P < 0.05) and aminoglycoside resistance was lost (P < 0.001). Seven lactobacilli, but no bifidobacteria strain, showed unaltered intrinsic antibiotic resistance profiles in the presence of oxgall. Oxgall affected the extrinsic susceptibility of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria to penicillin G (10 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), erythromycin (15 μg), and rifampicin (5 μg) in a source- and strain-dependent manner. Human strain–drug combinations of lactobacilli (P < 0.05) and bifidobacteria (P < 0.01) were more likely to show no change or decreased susceptibility compared with other strain-drug combinations. The antimicrobial activity spectra of polymyxin B and the aminoglycosides should not be considered limited to gram-negative bacteria but extended to include gram-positive genera of the indigenous and transiting microbiotae in the presence of conjugated bile salts. Those lactobacilli (7 of 37) that show unaltered intrinsic and diminished extrinsic antibiotic susceptibility in the presence of oxgall may possess greater upper gastrointestinal tract transit tolerance in the presence of antibiotics.

Quantitative Evaluation of a Bovine Antibiotic Infusion Product by Milk Residue Depletion Studies

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 611-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
LYSE LAROCQUE ◽  
GEORGE A. NEVILLE
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Detectable Level ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Residue Depletion ◽  
Antibiotic Infusion ◽  
Standard Techniques

Cows (six) were treated as for bovine mastitis by an intra-mammary infusion containing penicillin G, streptomycin, neomycin and polymyxin B sulfate. After termination of treatment, milk samples were drawn at intervals of 12 h and assayed for the antibiotics by standard techniques. Residues of penicillin, streptomycin and neomycin were found to persist beyond the milk withholding time of 96 h as stated on the label of the product. Streptomycin residue was found to persist in milk from 50% of the cows beyond 14.5 d, whereas no detectable level of polymyxin B was found in the milk samples. Manufacture of the formulation evaluated in this study was discontinued in 1983.

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM SEDIMENT OF COASTAL WATER OF PAHANG, MALAYSIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurhazlin Ab Rahman ◽  
Ahmed Jalal Khan Chowdhury ◽  
Zaima Azira Zainal Abidin
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Coastal Water ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Index Value

This study was undertaken to determine the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in sediment of coastal water of Pahang, Malaysia. A total of 125 bacteria were isolated from sediment samples of Tanjung Lumpur (A and B), Teluk Chempedak, Batu Hitam and Balok and tested against 10 different antibiotics by disc diffusion method. In Teluk Chempedak and Balok, the greatest frequencies of resistance in bacteria were found in Polymyxin B and Streptomycin but less common in Chloramphenicol. Meanwhile, high resistance of bacteria against the antibiotic in Tanjung Lumpur existed in Polymyxin B, Penicillin G and Ampicillin, whilst no resistance in bacteria was found in Chloramphenicol, Gentamycin and Erythromycin. Most of the bacteria from Batu Hitam exhibited high resistance to most of the antibiotics tested. Approximately, most of the isolates showed Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index value higher than 0.2 (>0.2) which suggest there are high-risk of antibiotics contamination in the areas. Two isolates that showed resistance to most antibiotics were identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Brevundimonas vesicularis. Findings from this preliminary study revealed the presence of antibiotic resistance strain of bacteria which may indicate the occurrence of antibiotic contamination s at the coastal water of Pahang, Malaysia and this may pose a potential public health implications.

Antibacterial Mechanism of Allyl Isothiocyanate†

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHIA-MIN LIN ◽  
JAMES F. PRESTON ◽  
CHENG-I WEI
Keyword(s):  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Galactosidase Activity ◽  
Strong Activity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bactericidal Activities ◽  
K 12

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a natural compound in plants belonging to the family Cruciferae, has been shown to have strong antimicrobial activity in liquid media as well as in its vapor form. To understand its antimicrobial mechanism, AITC was tested for bactericidal activities to Salmonella Montevideo, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes Scott A at different stages of growth and was compared with streptomycin, penicillin G, and polymyxin B, each of known antibacterial mechanisms. Bactericidal activities were determined by measuring bacterial viability and leakage of metabolites. To determine its effects on membrane permeability, β-galactosidase activity was examined after exposure of E. coli K-12 strain 3.300 to the three antibiotics and to AITC. The two gram-negative bacteria, Salmonella Montevideo and E. coli O157:H7, were more sensitive to AITC and to polymyxin B than the gram-positive L. monocytogenes. AITC and polymyxin B were effective bactericidal agents to bacteria at all growth stages, whereas penicillin G and streptomycin did not exhibit bactericidal activity to stationary cells. High A260 and A280 values of cellular filtrate and β-galactosidase activity were obtained after treatments of AITC and polymyxin B. These data indicated that AITC was most similar to polymyxin B with respect to its antibacterial effect on cell membranes and on leakage of cellular metabolites. Gaseous AITC caused metabolite leakages, measurable increases in β-galactosidase activity, and reduction of viable bacteria. The effectiveness of AITC in inhibiting bacteria at all growth stages and its strong activity in vapor phase support its application in food preservation.

scholarly journals Characterisation of some Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale strains and examination of their transmission via eggs

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Varga ◽  
L. Fodor ◽  
L. Makrai
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Embryonated Chicken ◽  
Ornithobacterium Rhinotracheale

The biochemical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility of 12 Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale strains isolated from chickens and turkeys suffering from respiratory clinical signs and the survival of some isolates on egg-shell and within chicken eggs during hatching were examined. All O. rhinotracheale strains showed typical biochemical characteristics. Among the 16 drugs examined, penicillin G, ampicillin (MICs ranging from ≤ 0.06 μg/ml to 1 μg/ml), ceftazidim (with MICs from ≤ 0.06 μg/ml to 0.12 μg/ml), erythromycin, tylosin, tilmicosin (with some exceptions MICs ranged from ≤ 0.06 μg/ml to 1 μg/ml) and tiamulin (MICs varied from ≤ 0.06 μg/ml to 2 μg/ml) were the most effective. Lincomycin, oxytetracycline and enrofloxacin also gave good inhibitions, but with most strains in a higher concentration (MICs ranged in most cases from 2 μg/ml to 8 μg/ml). The other antibiotics inhibited the growth of O. rhinotracheale only in very high concentrations (colistin) or not at all (apramycin, spectinomycin, polymyxin B). At 37 °C, O. rhinotracheale did not survive on egg-shell for more than 24 hours, while upon inoculation into embryonated chicken eggs it killed embryos by the ninth day, and from the 14th day post-inoculation no O. rhinotracheale could be cultured from the eggs at all. These results suggest that O. rhinotracheale is not transmitted via eggs during hatching.

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