scholarly journals Characterisation of some Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale strains and examination of their transmission via eggs

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Varga ◽  
L. Fodor ◽  
L. Makrai
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Embryonated Chicken ◽  
Ornithobacterium Rhinotracheale

The biochemical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility of 12 Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale strains isolated from chickens and turkeys suffering from respiratory clinical signs and the survival of some isolates on egg-shell and within chicken eggs during hatching were examined. All O. rhinotracheale strains showed typical biochemical characteristics. Among the 16 drugs examined, penicillin G, ampicillin (MICs ranging from ≤ 0.06 μg/ml to 1 μg/ml), ceftazidim (with MICs from ≤ 0.06 μg/ml to 0.12 μg/ml), erythromycin, tylosin, tilmicosin (with some exceptions MICs ranged from ≤ 0.06 μg/ml to 1 μg/ml) and tiamulin (MICs varied from ≤ 0.06 μg/ml to 2 μg/ml) were the most effective. Lincomycin, oxytetracycline and enrofloxacin also gave good inhibitions, but with most strains in a higher concentration (MICs ranged in most cases from 2 μg/ml to 8 μg/ml). The other antibiotics inhibited the growth of O. rhinotracheale only in very high concentrations (colistin) or not at all (apramycin, spectinomycin, polymyxin B). At 37 °C, O. rhinotracheale did not survive on egg-shell for more than 24 hours, while upon inoculation into embryonated chicken eggs it killed embryos by the ninth day, and from the 14th day post-inoculation no O. rhinotracheale could be cultured from the eggs at all. These results suggest that O. rhinotracheale is not transmitted via eggs during hatching.

scholarly journals Chlamydia gallinacea: genetically armed as a pathogen however a phenotypical commensal?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marloes Heijne ◽  
Martina Jelocnik ◽  
Alexander Umanets ◽  
Michael S.M. Brouwer ◽  
Annemieke Dinkla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Chlamydia Psittaci ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Animal Pathogens ◽  
The Family ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Embryonated Chicken ◽  
Infection Experiments

AbstractChlamydia gallinacea is an obligate intracellular bacterium that has recently been added to the family of Chlamydiaceae. C. gallinacea is genetically diverse, widespread in poultry and a suspected cause of pneumonia in slaughterhouse workers. In poultry, C. gallinacea infections appear asymptomatic, but studies about the pathogenic potential are limited. In this study two novel sequence types of C. gallinacea were isolated from apparently healthy chickens. Both isolates (NL_G47 and NL_F725) were closely related to each other and showed 99.1% DNA sequence identity to C. gallinacea Type strain 08-1274/3. To gain further insight in the pathogenic potential, infection experiments in embryonated chicken eggs and comparative genomics with Chlamydia psittaci were performed. C. psittaci is an ubiquitous zoonotic pathogen of birds and mammals, and infection in poultry can result in severe systemic illness. In experiments with embryonated chicken eggs C. gallinacea induced mortality was observed, potentially strain dependent but lower compared to C. psittaci induced mortality. Comparative analyses confirmed all currently available C. gallinacea genomes possess the hallmark genes coding for known and potential virulence factors as found in C. psittaci albeit to a reduced number of orthologues or paralogs. The presence of (potential) virulence factors and the observed mortality in embryonated eggs indicates C. gallinacea should rather be considered as a (conditional) pathogen than an innocuous commensal.ImportanceChlamydiaceae are a family of bacteria comprising human and animal pathogens including the recently recognized Chlamydia gallinacea. C. gallinacea is widespread in poultry without causing clinical signs, which raises questions about its pathogenic potential. To assess this potential, two novel C. gallinacea strains were isolated, tested in infection experiments in embryonated chicken eggs and compared to C. psittaci. C. psittaci infection in poultry can result in severe systemic illness, depending on the conditions, and infections can be transmitted to humans. In the experiments C. gallinacea infection induced mortality of the embryo, but to a lower extent than infection with C. psittaci. Subsequent genome comparisons confirmed both C. gallinacea strains possess potential virulence genes typical for chlamydia, but fewer than C. psittaci. These results indicate C. gallinacea does have a pathogenic potential which warrants further research to elucidate its role as a poultry pathogen.

scholarly journals Evaluation of secondary metabolites of herbal plant extracts as an antiviral effect on infectious bursal disease virus isolates in embryonated chicken eggs

2021 ◽  
pp. 2971-2978
Author(s):  
Rawaa Saladdin Jumaa ◽  
Dhuha Ismael Abdulmajeed ◽  
Abdulkarim Jafar Karim
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Embryonated Chicken

Background and Aim: Infectious bursal disease attacks the poultry industry, mainly young chickens, causing immunosuppression, and death with high economic losses. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the monoextract, diextracts, and triextracts of Quercus infectoria (QI), Citrus aurantifolia (CiA), and Coffea arabica (CoA) on infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). Materials and Methods: The experimental design consisted of three sets of ECEs at 11 days of age, and each set included seven groups (G1-G7). The extracts of QI, CiA, and CoA were inoculated to ECEs by the chorioallantoic membrane method before, in concomitant (mixed) with, and after IBDV infection to the first, second, and third sets, respectively. The monoextract, diextracts, and triextracts of QI, CiA, and CoA were given at 1%, 2%, 5%, and 10% concentrations to G1-G3, G4-G6, and G7, respectively. Real-time polymerase chain reaction identified and confirmed the virus in accordance with the pathological changes. Results: The monoextract (5-10% concentrations) inhibited IBDV and had no effect on viral infection preinoculation, whereas the monoextract (10% concentration) inhibited IBDV during mixed inoculation and post-inoculation. Diextracts (2-10% concentrations) inhibited IBDV and had no effect on viral infection preinoculation, whereas diextracts (5-10% concentrations) inhibited IBDV during mixed inoculation and post-inoculation. Triextracts (1%, 2%, 5%, and 10% concentrations) inhibited IBDV by ameliorating the pathological changes of the virus and preventing the death of ECEs. Conclusion: The inoculation of herbal extracts, particularly triextracts, alleviates the pathological changes in ECEs infected with IBDV. This study recommends the oral route in evaluating plant extracts against IBDV in poultry.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of various animals to the vesiculoviruses Isfahan and Chandipura

1986 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Wilks ◽  
J. A. House
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
The Right ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Old Mice

SummaryTo determine the pathogenic potential of the vesiculoviruses Isfahan Chandipura for domestic animals, two ponies, two steers, three and three pigs were inoculated with each virus intradermally in the tongue or, in the case of the pigs, in the snout, heel and coronary band The Ponies were also inoculated intradcrmally in the right commissure o the mouth Animals inoculated with each virus were housed in one room and allowed to mingle freely with an equal number of uninoculated contact animals of each species.Clinical signs of infection, consisting of ulcers at the inoculation sites, were observed in the Chandipura study in two inoculated ponies, one inoculated steer and one inoculated goat. No elevated temperature was observed. Virus was isolated from the ulcerated tongue tissue but not from serial blood samples, oesophagcal-pharyngeal mucus samples, or from the tissues which were collected at necropsy. Precipitating antibody was not detected by the immunoelectro osmophoresis(IEOP) test in any of the pre- or post-serum samples except from two inoculated sheep at 29 days post-inoculation (D.P.I.). Low levels of neutralizing activity were dtedted in pre-inoculation serum from all steers, pigs, contact sheep, and one contact goa. By 15 D.P.I. all inoculated animals and contact ponies and steers exhibited increased neutralizing antibody titres.In studies with the Isfahan virus, lesions developed only at the inoculation sites in the two ponies, and the virus was isolated. No virus was isolated from any blood, oesophageal-pharyngeal mucus samples or tisues collected at necropsy. All pre-inoculation sera were negative for neutralizing and precipitating antibodies. By 14 D.P.I. all inoculated animals exhibited neutralizing antibody, while all the contacts remained negative. The IEOP test remained negative for all animals throughout the experiment. A subpassage of a suspension of Isfahan-infected tongue tissue injected in to ponies and steers also yielded only firm swellings of lesser extent than the original reaction at the inoculation sites.With both viruses, lethal infections were produced by intraacranial or intraperitoneal inoculation of day-old mice and hamsters, and by allantoic inoculation of embryonating chicken eggs. Adult mice, hamsters, guinea-pigs and rabbits produced serum antibodies but lacked clinical signs.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of various animals to the vesiculovirus Piry

1984 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Wilks ◽  
J. A. House
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Vesicular Stomatitis ◽  
Chicken Eggs

SUMMARYTo determine the pathogenic potential of the vesiculovirus Piry for domestic animals, two ponies, two steers, three sheep, three goats and three pigs were inoculated intradermally in the tongue or, in the case of the pigs, in the snout, heel and coronary band. Inoculated animals were housed in one room and allowed to mingle freely with an equal number of uninoculated contact animals of each species. Clinical signs of infection, consisting of elevated temperature and ulcers at the inoculation sites, were only observed in the ponies, but all inoculated animals developed specific antibody following inoculation. In addition, one of the contact sheep had neutralizing antibody to Piry at 7 and 29 days post inoculation suggesting a contact infection. Virus was not demonstrated in tissues, other than tongue, of any animal.The failure of Piry virus to produce lesions in steers, sheep, goats and pigs and only limited ulcerations in ponies suggests that this virus is not similar pathogenically to New Jersey and Indiana strains of vesiculoviruses which produce classical vesicular stomatitis.Lethal infections were produced by inoculation into suckling mice and hamsters, adult hamsters and embryonating chicken eggs. Further, lethal infections followed contact of adult female hamsters with their inoculated litters.

scholarly journals Cytopathogenicity studied of fowl pox virus by using indirect immunoperoxidase and acridine orange tests .

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Harith M. AL-Hyali
Keyword(s):  
Acridine Orange ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Acridine Orange Staining ◽  
Virus Assay ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Indirect Immunoperoxidase ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Embryonated Chicken

Locally isolated fowl pox virus was inoculated on chorioallantoic membraneof chick embryos, leads to the appearances of odema and pocks lesion on themembrane , 120 hours post inoculation .Virus assay showed that the infectivitytiter were 106.8 to 107.5 EID50/0.1 ml in embryonated chicken eggs. Monolayertissue cultures of chick embryo fibroblast cells infected with fowl pox virus wereexamined by acridine orange staining and indirect immunoperoxidase test to studythe cytopathogenic effects of the virus . The most striking cytoplasmic changesobserved was the presence of the intracytoplasmic inclusions at 24-48 hours postinoculation, numerous inclusions were clearly seen at 72 hr. P.I.in addition tocytoplasmic vaculation and granulation were clearly seen at 96 hr. P.I. Thesechanges stained brilliant green with acridine orange and dark brown staining withimmunoperoxidase . Both tests demonstrated the localization of pox virus antigensin infected cells at same intervals.

scholarly journals Avian poxvirus in a free-range juvenile speckled (rock) pigeon (Columba guinea)

2015 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dauda G. Bwala ◽  
Folorunso O. Fasina ◽  
Neil M. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Veterinary Science ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Inclusion ◽  
University Of Pretoria ◽  
Rock Pigeon ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Embryonated Chicken

A flightless wild juvenile rock pigeon (Columba guinea) with pox-like lesions was picked up on the premises of the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort. The pigeon was housed overnight for possible treatment the following day but died before any other intervention could be instituted. At necropsy, coalescing masses of yellowish nodular cutaneous tumour-like lesions principally on the featherless areas were noticed on the dead pigeon’s head as well as the beak. Histological examination of the sampled skin lesions revealed multifocal areas of hypertrophic and hyperplastic epidermal epithelial cells with eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Bollinger bodies). Extract from the lesion was processed and inoculated on the chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) of 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs and this produced pocks on one of the CAM at day 7 post-inoculation. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of poxvirus in the CAM with the pock lesions.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of broiler chicks with Salmonella Typhimurium from pigeon (Columba livia)

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1919
Author(s):  
Átilla Holanda de Albuquerque ◽  
Régis Siqueira de Castro Teixeira ◽  
Débora Nishi Machado ◽  
Elisângela De Souza Lopes ◽  
Ruben Horn Vasconcelos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Fecal Samples

Several cases of animal and human salmonellosis caused by the Salmonella serotype Typhimurium have been reported. In animals, subclinical infection favors pathogen dissemination through feces. In this context, the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) with an asymptomatic condition may play an important role in the transmission of salmonellosis, through the elimination of contaminated feces in commercial aviaries or in poultry feed facilities, causing economic losses to the poultry industry and presenting a risk to public health. This study aimed to evaluate the mortality, clinical signs and the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium in the feces and organs of chicks previously inoculated with bacteria isolated from a pigeon. One-day-old chicks were distributed in two experimental groups (G1 and G2) of 32 birds each, and a control group of six birds. Two inocula of 0.4 and 0.7 mL with 105 and 106 colony forming units were used in G1 and G2 birds, respectively. At 1, 4, 7 and 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) fecal samples were pooled from each cage and individual cloacal swabs were collected. At 14 dpi, all chicks were euthanized and samples were collected from the liver, spleen, lung, cecum and intestine for microbiological analysis. Mortality was only observed among G2 birds (6.25%). Most birds presented clinical signs of diarrhea at 4 dpi and no symptom as observed at 14 dpi. The results from cloacal swabs demonstrated bacterial elimination in 68.8% and 53.1% of G2 and G1 birds, respectively at 1 dpi. Additionally, fecal samples had elevated bacterial shedding in all four periods of observation , with a higher excretion at 4 dpi (62.5%) for both groups. Among G2 birds, 74.2% were positive for the pathogen in the intestine; G1 birds presented the lowest rate of lung infection (29%), and both groups had more than 50% positivity for liver and caeca. The results revealed that infected chicks with a Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from pigeons may host the pathogen in several organs, and simultaneously present diarrheic disorders with significant levels of bacterial excretion in feces.

scholarly journals THE RATE OF BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF PENICILLIN IN VITRO AS A FUNCTION OF ITS CONCENTRATION, AND ITS PARADOXICALLY REDUCED ACTIVITY AT HIGH CONCENTRATIONS AGAINST CERTAIN ORGANISMS

1948 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Eagle ◽  
A. D. Musselman
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Maximal Effect ◽  
Maximal Rate ◽  
Effective Level ◽  
High Concentrations

1. The concentrations of penicillin G which (a) reduced the net rate of multiplication, (b) exerted a net bactericidal effect, and (c) killed the organisms at a maximal rate, have been defined for a total of 41 strains of α- and ß-hemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albus, Diplococcus pneumoniae, and the Reiter treponoma. 2. The concentration which killed the organisms at a maximal rate was 2 to 20 times the minimal effective level ("sensitivity" as ordinarily defined). With some organisms, even a 32,000-fold increase beyond this maximally effective level did not further increase the rate of its bactericidal effect. However, with approximately half the strains here studied (all 4 strains of group B ß-hemolytic streptococci, 4 of 5 group C strains, 5 of 7 strains of Streptococcus fecalis, 2 of 4 other α-hemolytic streptococci, and 4 of 9 strains of staphylococci), when the concentration of penicillin was increased beyond that optimal level, the rate at which the organisms died was paradoxically reduced rather than increased, so that the maximal effect was obtained only within a relatively narrow optimal zone. 3. There were marked differences between bacterial species, and occasionally between different strains of the same species, not only with respect to the effective concentrations of penicillin, but also with respect to the maximal rate at which they could be killed by the drug in any concentration. Although there was a rough correlation between these two factors, there were many exceptions; individual strains affected only by high concentrations of penicillin might nevertheless be killed rapidly, while strains sensitive to minute concentrations might be killed only slowly. 4. Within the same bacterial suspension, individual organisms varied only to a minor degree with respect to the effective concentrations of penicillin. They varied strikingly, however, in their resistance to penicillin as measured by the times required to kill varying proportions of the cells.

Histopathologic lesions in conventional pigs experimentally infected with Haemophilus parasuis serovar 5

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (02) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.-L. Austin-Busse ◽  
A. Ladinig ◽  
G. Balka ◽  
S. Zoels ◽  
M. Ritzmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Group A ◽  
Pathologic Lesions ◽  
Group B ◽  
Kidney Lesions ◽  
Challenge Group

Summary Objective: In the present study various tissues of pigs were investigated for the presence of histopathologic lesions after an experimental infection with Haemophilus (H.) parasuis serovar 5. Material and methods: Conventional pigs (n = 36) were divided into a control group B (n = 9) and a challenge group A (n = 27), which was infected intratracheally. Pigs that did not die prior to study termination were euthanized on day 14 post inoculation. Postmortem samples of the lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, left tarsal joint capsule and brain were collected. Results: All but one pig with detectable histopathologic lesions (n = 11) showed typical macroscopic changes. Histopatho logic examination of all tissue samples identified pyelitis (n = 10), synovitis (n = 7) and meningitis (n = 7) and all those animals were euthanized prior to study termination. No histopathologic lesions were found in pigs of the control group. The correlations between pyelitis and meningitis, pyelitis and synovitis and synovitis and meningitis were significant (p < 0.001). No significant correlation could be observed between the histopathologic and the clinical examination of the joints. The investigation of samples from the joints by PCR was not significantly correlated with the observed synovitis. The clinical observation of neurologic signs was significantly correlated with meningitis (p = 0.03). A significant correlation (p < 0.001) could be detected between meningitis and the detection of H. parasuis by PCR in brain samples. Conclusions: H. parasuis constantly causes clinical signs and pathologic lesions as soon as it infects the brain while it can infect the joints without causing histopathologic lesions. Pigs with histopathologic lesions do not always show typical clinical signs. Only few studies described the finding of kidney lesions in pigs with Glässer’s disease and this is the first study to describe a pyelitis in pigs experimentally infected with H. parasuis. The observed pyelitis mainly occurred in acute cases.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of an African swine fever virus strain isolated in Vietnam and alternative diagnostic specimens for early detection of viral infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Suk Lee ◽  
Vuong Nghia Bui ◽  
Duy Tung Dao ◽  
Ngoc Anh Bui ◽  
Thanh Duy Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Specimen Collection

Abstract Background African swine fever (ASF), caused by the ASF virus (ASFV), was first reported in Vietnam in 2019 and spread rapidly thereafter. Better insights into ASFV characteristics and early detection by surveillance could help control its spread. However, the pathogenicity and methods for early detection of ASFV isolates from Vietnam have not been established. Therefore, we investigated the pathogenicity of ASFV and explored alternative sampling methods for early detection. Results Ten pigs were intramuscularly inoculated with an ASFV strain from Vietnam (titer, 103.5 HAD50/mL), and their temperature, clinical signs, and virus excretion patterns were recorded. In addition, herd and environmental samples were collected daily. The pigs died 5–8 days-post-inoculation (dpi), and the incubation period was 3.7 ± 0.5 dpi. ASFV genome was first detected in the blood (2.2 ± 0.8) and then in rectal (3.1 ± 0.7), nasal (3.2 ± 0.4), and oral (3.6 ± 0.7 dpi) swab samples. ASFV was detected in oral fluid samples collected using a chewed rope from 3 dpi. The liver showed the highest viral loads, and ear tissue also exhibited high viral loads among 11 tissues obtained from dead pigs. Overall, ASFV from Vietnam was classified as peracute to acute form. The rope-based oral fluid collection method could be useful for early ASFV detection and allows successful ASF surveillance in large pig farms. Furthermore, ear tissue samples might be a simple alternative specimen for diagnosing ASF infection in dead pigs. Conclusions Our data provide valuable insights into the characteristics of a typical ASFV strain isolated in Vietnam and suggest an alternative, non-invasive specimen collection strategy for early detection.

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