Effect of Conjugated Bile Salts on Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bile Salt–Tolerant Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Isolates

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 1369-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM P. CHARTERIS ◽  
PHILLIP M. KELLY ◽  
LORENZO MORELLI ◽  
J. KEVIN COLLINS
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Drug Combinations ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Conjugated Bile Salts

Virtually every antibiotic may cause in vivo alterations in the number, level, and composition of the indigenous microbiotae. The degree to which the microbiotae are disturbed depends on many factors. Although bile may augment antibiotic activity, studies on the effect of bile on the antibiotic susceptibility of indigenous and exogenous probiotic microorganisms are lacking. It was against this background that the antibiotic susceptibility of 37 bile salt–tolerant Lactobacillus and 11 Bifidobacterium isolates from human and other sources was determined in the presence of 0.5% wt/wt oxgall (conjugated bile salts). Oxgall did not affect the intrinsic resistance of lactobacilli to metronidazole (5 μg), vancomycin (30 μg), and cotrimoxazole (25 μg), whereas it resulted in a complete loss of resistance to polymyxin B (300 μg) and the aminoglycosides gentamicin (10 μg), kanamycin (30 μg), and streptomycin (10 μg) for most strains studied (P < 0.001). Oxgall did not affect the intrinsic resistance of bifidobacteria to metronidazole and vancomycin, whereas polymyxin B and co-trimoxazole resistance was diminished (P < 0.05) and aminoglycoside resistance was lost (P < 0.001). Seven lactobacilli, but no bifidobacteria strain, showed unaltered intrinsic antibiotic resistance profiles in the presence of oxgall. Oxgall affected the extrinsic susceptibility of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria to penicillin G (10 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), erythromycin (15 μg), and rifampicin (5 μg) in a source- and strain-dependent manner. Human strain–drug combinations of lactobacilli (P < 0.05) and bifidobacteria (P < 0.01) were more likely to show no change or decreased susceptibility compared with other strain-drug combinations. The antimicrobial activity spectra of polymyxin B and the aminoglycosides should not be considered limited to gram-negative bacteria but extended to include gram-positive genera of the indigenous and transiting microbiotae in the presence of conjugated bile salts. Those lactobacilli (7 of 37) that show unaltered intrinsic and diminished extrinsic antibiotic susceptibility in the presence of oxgall may possess greater upper gastrointestinal tract transit tolerance in the presence of antibiotics.

Postprandial intestinal hyperemia: role of bile salts in the ileum

1981 ◽  
Vol 241 (6) ◽  
pp. G469-G477 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Kvietys ◽  
J. M. McLendon ◽  
D. N. Granger
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Oxygen Difference ◽  
Artificial Pressure

In an autoperfused dog ileum preparation, artificial pressure, venous outflow pressure, blood flow, and arteriovenous oxygen difference were measured while bile and bile salt solutions, at physiological concentrations, were placed in the lumen. Intraluminal placement of endogenous bile, synthetic bile, or bile salt solutions increased ileal blood flow (99 +/- 10, 94 +/- 20, and 104 +/- 17%, respectively) and oxygen uptake (30 +/- 5, 36 +/- 9, and 28 +/- 5%, respectively). Endogenous bile pretreated with cholestyramine, a bile salt-sequestering resin, did not alter ileal blood flow, yet increased ileal oxygen uptake by 11 +/- 3%, a response similar to that observed while Tyrode's solution (the vehicle) was in the lumen. Intra-arterial infusion of bile salts increased ileal blood flow in a dose-dependent manner, while not significantly altering ileal oxygen uptake. The results of the present study indicate that bile salts play an important role in the functional (postprandial) hyperemia in the ileum by 1) directly dilating the ileal vasculature and 2) enhancing ileal metabolism during their active absorption.

scholarly journals Synthesis of phospholipid-conjugated bile salts and interaction of bile salt-coated liposomes with cultured hepatocytes

2005 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 2325-2338 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Pütz ◽  
W. Schmider ◽  
R. Nitschke ◽  
G. Kurz ◽  
H. E. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Cultured Hepatocytes ◽  
Conjugated Bile Salts

Studies on the Action Mechanism for Cholesterol-Lowering of Lactobacillus which Yields Bile Salt Hydrolase from Kefir Grains

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 1336-1340
Author(s):  
Hui Liu ◽  
Yuan Hong Xie ◽  
Tao Han ◽  
Hong Xing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽  
Action Mechanism ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering ◽  
Conjugated Bile Salts

Cholesterol-lowering strains were obtained by high throughput screening technology and ortho-phthalaldehyde method. We used oxford cup method to screen again to obtain strains of high yield bile salt hydrolase and illuminate action mechanism ofLactobacillusreducing cholesterol. Screened six strains had the ability of high yield bile salt hydrolase and good ferment ability. The results of identifying bacteria species: strain KTxKL1J1 wereLactobacillus casei, strain Tx wasStreptococcus thermophilus, strain KS4P1 wereLactococcus lactis subsp.lactis, where the last two bacteria were strain of high yield bile salt hydrolase to be few known in literature. This work showed that dissociation bile salts and cholesterol conjuncted sediments by bile salt hydrolase decomposing conjugated bile salts.

scholarly journals Bile Salts Differentially Enhance Resistance of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 to Host Defence Peptides

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal Gadishaw-Lue ◽  
Alyssa Banaag ◽  
Sarah Birstonas ◽  
Aju-Sue Francis ◽  
Debora Barnett Foster
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Resistance Phenotype ◽  
Defense Peptides

During passage through the human gastrointestinal tract, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are exposed to membrane-damaging bile in the small intestine. We have previously reported that EHEC treatment with a physiological bile salt mixture upregulates genes encoding the two component system, basRS, and the aminoarabinose lipid A modification pathway, arnBCADTEF. The current study examines the effect of bile salt mix (BSM) treatment on EHEC resistance to three human gastrointestinal defense peptides: HD-5, HNP-1 and LL-37, as well as the role of basRS and arnT in the respective responses. After BSM-treatment, EHEC resistance to HD-5 and HNP-1 is significantly increased in a BSM-, defensin-dose dependent manner. The resistance phenotype is dependent on both basRS and arnT. However, the BSM treatment does not alter EHEC resistance to LL-37, even when the ompT gene encoding an LL-37 cleavage protease is disrupted. Interestingly, enteropathogenic E. coli, a related pathogen that infects the small intestine, shows a similar BSM-induced resistance phenotype. Using a model of EHEC infection in Galleria mellonella, we found significantly less survival of worm larvae infected with BSM-treated wild type EHEC relative to those infected with BSM-treated basS mutant, suggesting that treatment with a physiological BSM enhances virulence through a basS-mediated pathway. The results of this investigation provide persuasive evidence that bile salts typically encountered during transit through the small intestine can serve as an environmental cue for EHEC, enhancing resistance to several key host defense peptides.

scholarly journals Bile Salt Composition and Distribution of the D-Cysteinolic Acid Conjugated Bile Salts in Fish

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takanobu Goto ◽  
Takuji Ui ◽  
Mizuho Une ◽  
Taiju Kuramoto ◽  
Kenji Kihira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Salt Composition ◽  
Conjugated Bile Salts

scholarly journals A study on the inhibitory mechanism for cholesterol absorption by α-cyclodextrin administration

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 2827-2835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Furune ◽  
Naoko Ikuta ◽  
Yoshiyuki Ishida ◽  
Hinako Okamoto ◽  
Daisuke Nakata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Lipid Absorption ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Micellar Solubility

Background: Micelle formation of cholesterol with lecithin and bile salts is a key process for intestinal absorption of lipids. Some dietary fibers commonly used to reduce the lipid content in the body are thought to inhibit lipid absorption by binding to bile salts and decreasing the lipid solubility. Amongst these, α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) is reportedly one of the most powerful dietary fibers for decreasing blood cholesterol. However, it is difficult to believe that α-CD directly removes cholesterol because it has a very low affinity for cholesterol and its mechanism of action is less well understood than those of other dietary fibers. To identify this mechanism, we investigated the interaction of α-CD with lecithin and bile salts, which are essential components for the dissolution of cholesterol in the small intestine, and the effect of α-CD on micellar solubility of cholesterol. Results: α-CD was added to Fed-State Simulated Intestinal Fluid (FeSSIF), and precipitation of a white solid was observed. Analytical data showed that the precipitate was a lecithin and α-CD complex with a molar ratio of 1:4 or 1:5. The micellar solubility of cholesterol in the mixture of FeSSIF and α-CD was investigated, and found to decrease through lecithin precipitation caused by the addition of α-CD, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, each of several other water-soluble dietary fibers was added to the FeSSIF, and no precipitate was generated. Conclusion: This study suggests that α-CD decreases the micellar solubility of cholesterol in the lumen of the small intestine via the precipitation of lecithin from bile salt micelles by complex formation with α-CD. It further indicates that the lecithin precipitation effect on the bile salt micelles by α-CD addition clearly differs from addition of other water-soluble dietary fibers. The decrease in micellar cholesterol solubility in the FeSSIF was the strongest with α-CD addition.

scholarly journals Polyamines Increase Antibiotic Susceptibility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1623-1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong H. Kwon ◽  
Chung-Dar Lu
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Activity Measurements ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Opportunistic Human Pathogen ◽  
Outer Membrane Permeability

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen. Treatment is complicated by frequent acquired resistance to antipseudomonal therapies. Polyamines (cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are ubiquitous polycationic compounds essential for all living organisms. In a dose-dependent manner, polyamines increased the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to 14 β-lactam antibiotics, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, and trimethoprim as demonstrated by a reduction in MIC of up to 64-fold. This effect was partially antagonized (25 to 50%) by the presence of 10 mM of Mg2+ or Ca2+. In contrast, the effects of the outer membrane permeabilizers, polymyxin B nonapeptide and EDTA, were completely abolished by 3 mM Mg2+ or Ca2+. Changes on the outer membrane barrier by these compounds were assessed by activity measurements of periplasmic β-lactamase. The results showed that while EDTA and polymyxin B serve as outer membrane disorganizing agents as expected, exogenous spermidine and spermine did not exhibit any apparent effect on outer membrane permeability or rupture. In summary, these results strongly suggest that the increased antibiotic susceptibility by polyamines is exerted by a mechanism that differs from that of EDTA and polymyxin B. Polyamines might be potentially useful in antipseudomonal therapies by increasing the effectiveness of certain β-lactam antibiotics.

scholarly journals Contribution of Three Bile-Associated Loci, bsh, pva, and btlB, to Gastrointestinal Persistence and Bile Tolerance of Listeria monocytogenes

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 894-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Máire Begley ◽  
Roy D. Sleator ◽  
Cormac G. M. Gahan ◽  
Colin Hill
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽  
Penicillin V ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin ◽  
Intestinal Persistence

ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes must resist the deleterious actions of bile in order to infect and subsequently colonize the human gastrointestinal tract. The molecular mechanisms used by the bacterium to resist bile and the influence of bile on pathogenesis are as yet largely unexplored. This study describes the analysis of three genes—bsh, pva, and btlB—previously annotated as bile-associated loci in the sequenced L. monocytogenes EGDe genome (lmo2067, lmo0446, and lmo0754, respectively). Analysis of deletion mutants revealed a role for all three genes in resisting the acute toxicity of bile and bile salts, particularly glycoconjugated bile salts at low pH. Mutants were unaffected in the other stress responses examined (acid, salt, and detergents). Bile hydrolysis assays demonstrate that L. monocytogenes possesses only one bile salt hydrolase gene, namely, bsh. Transcriptional analyses and activity assays revealed that, although it is regulated by both PrfA and σB, the latter appears to play the greater role in modulating bsh expression. In addition to being incapable of bile hydrolysis, a sigB mutant was shown to be exquisitely sensitive to bile salts. Furthermore, increased expression of sigB was detected under anaerobic conditions and during murine infection. A gene previously annotated as a possible penicillin V amidase (pva) or bile salt hydrolase was shown to be required for resistance to penicillin V but not penicillin G but did not demonstrate a role in bile hydrolysis. Finally, animal (murine) studies revealed an important role for both bsh and btlB in the intestinal persistence of L. monocytogenes.

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