Mask Using Practice among Bangladeshi Population During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Video-Based Observational Study

Background: Although the government of Bangladesh made the use of masks mandatory in public settings during COVID-19, individuals have been reluctant to follow. We intended to know how many people used face masks in public settings during COVID-19. Methodology: This study was conducted in several public settings in Shahbag, an urban sub-district of Dhaka; and Sirajdikhan, a rural sub-district of Munshiganj in Bangladesh on November 2020. A total of 4011 people were identified from the video-graphic data captured from 20 public places for monitoring the use of masks. Finding: More than two-thirds of those observed had no face masks or did not utilize them properly. People in urban regions (43%) used mask more in an appropriate manner than those in rural areas (26%). Females wore masks comparatively more than males (53% vs. 35%, p-value <0.001). People used masks more in the morning than in the afternoon (39% vs. 34%, p-value <0.001). People were seen to use a mask more in hospital areas (60%) than in other places. However, in public transportation stands only one-fourth (25%) of the people wore a mask in an appropriate manner. In binary logistic regression male sex, rural area, public places and time of observation (afternoon) were found as risk factors for not wearing a mask. Interpretation: The general population of both rural and urban areas of Bangladesh is reluctant to wear face masks. Along with the ongoing vaccination campaign, people of Bangladesh need to wear masks for the prevention of COVID-19. Funding: This research has been partially supported by Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University.

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Mask Using Practice among Bangladeshi Population During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Video-Based Observational Study

10.31219/osf.io/p5fre ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chowdhury Farheen ◽

Maruf Haque Khan ◽

Muhammad Ibrahim Ibne Towhid ◽

Sabrina Mousum ◽

Anika Tasnim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Transportation ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

P Value ◽

Public Places ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Government

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Evaluation of access to electricity and the socioeconomic effects in rural and urban expanses of Nigeria

International Journal of Social Economics ◽

10.1108/ijse-09-2020-0662 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Toluwalope Ogunro ◽

Luqman Afolabi

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

National Development ◽

Content Type ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Government ◽

Electricity Access

PurposeRecently, multidimensional aspects of poverty has been increasingly focused on which includes education, economy and health, while access to modern energy such as stable electricity is also one of the possible solution; thus, this article aims to divulge the relation between access to electricity and progression in socioeconomic status in urban and rural areas of Nigeria in an attempt to propose a sustainable framework for access to electricity.Design/methodology/approachDemographic and health survey data are collected using four categories of model of questionnaires. A standard questionnaire was designed to gather information on features of the household's dwelling element and attributes of visitors and usual residents between the 2018 period. Biomarker questionnaire was used to gather biomarker data on men, women and children. Logistic model estimation technique was employed to estimate the socioeconomic factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria.FindingsThese studies discovered that there are diverse set of factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria especially in the rural areas. However, respondent residing in rural areas are still largely deprived access to electricity; most importantly, households with no access to electricity are more likely to use self-generating sets as revealed. Additionally, empirical findings indicated that the higher the level of your education and wealth, the higher the likelihood of having access to electricity in Nigeria. These factors included political will to connect the rural areas to the national grid, development of other infrastructures in those deprived areas and others.Practical implicationsThe problem confronting access to electricity in Nigeria has three components. The first is the significance of those deprived access to electricity in the rural areas and the physical resources needed to connect them to the national grid. The second is the political willingness of the government to have equitable distribution of public goods evenly between rural and urban areas especially on electricity access which will go a long way in reducing poverty in Nigeria. The third is lack of robust national development plans and strategy to tackle the problems facing electricity access in Nigeria.Social implicationsAs the rate of socioeconomic status/development increases, access to electricity is anticipated to rise up in Nigeria.Originality/valueThe findings can be used by the policy makers to address problems facing access to electricity in Nigeria.

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ANALISIS PROGRAM PENINGKATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN USAHA KECIL DI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT KASUS DI KABUPATEN: BIMA, SUMBAWA, DAN LOMBOK BARAT

EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) ◽

10.24034/j25485024.y2003.v7.i3.1984 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 325 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wargono Adisoewignyo

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Small Businesses ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Rural Economy ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Poverty Eradication ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Small Scales ◽

The Government

The population of the small and medium scale businesses (SMSB) are amounted about more 500 thousand, while their role in GNP are about 50%. More 90% of the SMSB are small scales and carry out their activities in many sectors which are spead out in rural and urban areas as well. The power of the SMSB has been proved through the crises since 1998, they are still exsits, while the conglomerate had been col/aped. The development programme of small businesses in Indonesia has been intorduced for more than 3 decades, but the results are still queationable. In the beginning of 90's, such programmes were introduced in a line of the poverty eradication (PPE). The PPE programes such as PHBK, P4K, KUKESRA and IDT are in a line to the programes of developing real sectors in rural areas. Poverty is a crucial problem and consists of multidimensional aspects, not only economic but also social, cultural, structural and institutional as well.The previous programes never touch the core problem, operate separately, and rarely include the group targets (poor society) to actively participate in the programs. Another new programs such as P-IK, PHBK, KUKESRA and IDT have also been carried out, but at the present the results were still questionably. Some programes are introduced to develop small scales business, such as PHBK dan KUKESRAAims of the study are to indentify: the successes and the .fails of varoius programs for eradicating poverty, terms as 'Program for Poverty Eradication· or shortly PPE; how the fund has been allocated, managed, and coordinated; how jar the society, LSM, and poors themselves do involve; and how jar the programs could reduce poverty and sustainable develop the rural economy. The study has been carried out in three kabupatens: Bima. Sumbawa, dan West Lombok Resource persons are the GO and the NGO officers who close relate with the PPE. The respondents are members POKMAS who receive fund of the PPE. The Sarasehan procedure with resource applies to collect secondary data of the PPE's program from resource persons, while the participatory and emphatic procedures are used to invite responses and attitudes of respondents.The results indicate the models of the PPH, such as P-IK, PHBK. KUKESRA and IDT could not be generalized. Some were more rigid, while some others were accommodative. Some were effective, the others were stagnant, evermore fails. They need solid commitment of all: the government institutions from the top to the lowest. The involvement of the TOGA, the TOMA, and the NGO, and the poor themselves. The more rigid the programs were managed and directed (by the government), the higher the probability of programs are stagnant and even morefruitlessly.

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Assessing the Effectiveness of e-Government and e-Governance in South Africa: During National Lockdown 2020

Research in World Economy ◽

10.5430/rwe.v11n5p208 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 208

Author(s):

P.P. Blom ◽

D.E. Uwizeyimana

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Information And Communication Technologies ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Free Access ◽

Municipal Services ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Services Delivery ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Government

This article aims to assess the effectiveness of e-Government and e-Governance service during the national lockdown in South Africa. The focus of this article is on e-Health, e-Education and e-Municipal Services delivery, as these are the most sought-after e-Services during the national lockdown caused by COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic in 2020. Education, health, and municipal services are some of the core functions that could not be paused during the lockdown due to their importance. The methodology used in this research is mainly qualitative. Unobtrusive research techniques based on documentary and theoretical analysis will be applied to assess the state and use of e-Government and e-Governance within the public sector during the national lockdown in South Africa. The findings of this article suggest that government failed to achieve its objective of building an inclusive Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) infrastructure in South Africa. Even though steps have been taken by the government to provide free access to basic e-Services, network coverage, and ICT infrastructures, poverty and inequality remain the major challenges in rural areas. The findings of this research suggest that the South African government needs to build ICT infrastructures in rural areas and to provide citizens with training on how to utilise ICT infrastructures in order to reduce the gap between rural and urban areas.

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Prevalence Of Refractive Errors In School Going Children In Rural And Urban Areas -A Cross-Sectional Study

Tropical Journal of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology ◽

10.17511/jooo.2021.i02.01 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 22-27

Author(s):

Dr. Chimata Triveni ◽

◽

Dr. Tirumuru Divya ◽

Dr. Ponna Rama Devi ◽

Dr. N. Lakshmi Chowdary ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Refractive Error ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Study Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban

Introduction: Visual impairment affects students’ routine schoolwork and day-to-day activities.Hence, the aim is to study the prevalence of various refractive errors and their comparison amongschool children of 5-15 years in rural and urban areas. Methods: This cross-sectional studyexamined 998 students from both rural and urban schools. After obtaining ethical clearance andinformed consent, students were examined for refractive errors. The students with the refractiveerror were given a socio-demographic questionnaire and questionnaire regarding their usage oftelevision, computer, and family history of refractive errors. A Chi-square test was used to test thestatistical significance of proportions. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, anddata were analyzed by using coGuide software, V.1.03 Results: The prevalence of refractive errorwas found to be 6.41 %, with a prevalence of 7.61% in urban and 5.21% in rural areas. Thedifference in the type of refractive error between the study groups was found to be insignificant,with P= 0.897. Conclusion: Prevalence of refractive errors was more in urban school children thanrural. Refractive error was more prevalent in 13-15 years age group in both rural and urban schoolchildren. The most common refractive error was myopia, followed by astigmatism andhypermetropia.

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Basic aspects of rural social infrastructure development

International Review ◽

10.5937/intrev2003098y ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 98-104

Author(s):

Mikhailovna Yarkova

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Infrastructure Development ◽

Social Infrastructure ◽

Territorial Development ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Negative State ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Government ◽

Leisure Facilities

The social infrastructure of rural areas is of particular importance when considering issues of both an economic and social nature. Both production and non-production rural areas necessitate the availability of social facilities. The main purpose of social infrastructure facilities nowadays and in the past of rural and urban areas development is to meet the needs of the population. At the same time, social infrastructure defines the basis for the level and quality of life of civil society. Its condition is an indicator of the territorial development and provides opportunities for innovative development and investment attraction. For many years now, the rural social infrastructure has been in poor condition in Russia. Problems are observed in the living conditions of citizens, in elements of residential properties improvement, undeveloped system of medical and educational services, unavailability of cultural and leisure facilities, and so on. Due to such a negative state of the rural social sphere, problems arise with the demographic situation and the production sphere in terms of the inability to attract highly qualified personnel. The Program for the Sustainable Development of Rural Territories developed by the Government of Russia holds back the general, intensively negative situation, and is fundamentally changing it in some regions of the country. The paper presents the results of the implementation of the main Program directions and gives some recommendations on its further implementation and development of the rural social infrastructure.

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Digital Divide in India

Digital Economy Innovations and Impacts on Society ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-1556-4.ch008 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 106-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sumanjeet Singh

Keyword(s):

Digital Divide ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

National Level ◽

Content Creation ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Urban India ◽

Building Community ◽

The Government

Existing studies of the digital divide reveals the gap that exists between those who have access to ICTs and those who do not create exclusion, endanger social integration and hamper economic growth. The digital divide has many dimensions and can be categorized as global, regional and national. At national level, there is no single divide, but multiple divides: for instance, within countries, between men and women, young and elderly, rich and poor and most importantly rural and urban. The present paper is mainly focused on India and tries to explore the problem of digital divide mainly in rural-urban India. In the context of the present paper digital divide essentially means tele-density, mobile and Internet divide between the rural and urban areas. In this paper, the author reveals that obstacles such as illiteracy, lack of skills, infrastructures, and investment in rural areas must be tackled if India is to diminish the gap of the digital divide. The government should work toward connectivity provision, content creation, capacity augmentation, core technologies creation and exploitation, cost reduction, competence building, community participation and commitment to the deprived and disadvantaged to bridge the digital divide.

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Education inside China: a longitudinal (1989-2011) analysis

Chinese Management Studies ◽

10.1108/cms-02-2016-0030 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 217-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yangqin Weng ◽

Mingzhi Li ◽

Check-Teck Foo

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Transition Period ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Content Type ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

The Government ◽

Education In China

Purpose This paper aims to analyze the rates of returns on education in China and in the process raises issues relevant to the management of China’s system of education. In the ongoing great transformation period of China, the rising rates of returns on education may have been indicators reflecting China’s social progressiveness. However, very little research efforts have been devoted to the study of the impacts of such factors as geographical regions and genders, etc. The authors hope to fill these gaps in the literature. Design/methodology/approach The China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) database is used for this study (University of North Carolina). The longitudinal nature of the data sets covering 1989, 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009 and 2011 provides a good basis for comparative analyses. The theory is grounded upon the Mincer equations through which econometric estimates are then made. Findings Disparities in returns on education are found between genders and across geographical regions. The regression results show that the women’s returns on education are consistently higher than those of men. However, the scales of such gender differences differ between the rural and urban areas: smaller for rural area and larger, more significantly so for urban. Additionally, we have found that the rates of returns on education in China have risen significantly over these years, and these increases have been largely due to the effects of institutional reforms. The urban-rural gap in their degrees of market orientation has contributed to the differences in their rates of returns on education. The analyses also suggest that foreign direct investment inflows, international trade and the increasing competitiveness from private enterprises render human capital more valuable to urban businesses. In case of the rural areas, a lack of incentive system tends to have contributed to the lower rates of returns on education. Originality/value The authors have presented evidence on the trends in the rates of returns on education during China’s critical transition period. Analyses of the possible reasons behind the differential rates of returns are provided. These findings are helpful for the government to shape their policies towards education. For instance, the government should give more emphasis to vocational schooling due to their significantly higher rates of returns.

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Unmet needs for assistance with activities of daily living among elderly in rural and urban areas in Kwara State Central Senatorial District, Nigeria

Babcock University Medical Journal (BUMJ) ◽

10.38029/bumj.v4i2.84 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 78-85

Author(s):

Mojirola Martina Fasiku ◽

Kabir Adekunle Durowade ◽

Matthew Olumuyiwa Bojuwoye ◽

Abdullahi Ahmed ◽

Medinat Omobola Osinubi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activities Of Daily Living ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Daily Living ◽

Unmet Needs ◽

The Elderly ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban

Objective: The elderly usually require assistance and sometimes have unmet needs for assistance with activities of daily living. This study assessed the unmet needs for assistance with activities of daily living among the elderly in rural and urban areas in Kwara Central Senatorial District, Nigeria. Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected using pre-tested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires from 300 elderly using the multistage sampling technique. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences 20 was used to analyze data, and the level of significance was predetermined at a p-value less than 0.05. Results: Overall, 60% of the elderly in the urban than rural group (46%) had unmet needs for assistance with activities of daily living. The prevalence of unmet needs for assistance with basic activities of daily living in the rural areas ranged from 0.0% (eating) to 70.8 % (bathing) and 0.0% (eating) to 68.8 % (transferring) in the urban areas. The prevalence of unmet needs for instrumental activities of daily living ranged from 16.7% (handling finances) to 59.3 % (cooking) for those in the rural areas. However, the range was from 33.3% (transportation) to 75.0% (taking medications) in the urban areas. The urban respondents had higher unmet needs for assistance with telephone use than rural respondents. (p=0.004*). Conclusion: The elderly in the urban areas had a higher prevalence of unmet needs for assistance with activities of daily living. The government must address the needs of the elderly through a policy to prevent unmet needs for assistance with activities of daily living.

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Comparison of Students’ Attitudes in Science Subjects In Urban And Rural Areas

Journal of Educational Science and Technology (EST) ◽

10.26858/est.v6i2.12057 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 126

Author(s):

Astalini Astalini ◽

Dwi Agus Kurniawan ◽

Darmaji Darmaji ◽

Lika Anggraini

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Survey Design ◽

Total Sample ◽

Rural Students ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Students Attitudes ◽

The Government

This study aims to determine differences in attitudes held by students who are in rural and urban areas. Because attitude is the most important thing in 21st century education. The methodology in this study uses quantitative research with a survey design that uses a total sample of 2815 students based on total sampling collection techniques. In this study, using the ANOVA test with Poshoc further tests to determine differences in attitudes held by students. The results of this study found differences in attitudes held by students in rural areas and students in urban areas, that there were significant differences held by students in science subjects. Therefore, by knowing the differences that are owned by urban and rural students can be used as a benchmark by the government to develop education that can also focus on students' affective, not just cognitive so that teachers can also apply appropriate learning methods aimed at making students able to have a good attitude that will help themselves both in school and in the community.

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