Assessing maximal allowable levels for simultaneous skin and eyes exposure to laser irradiation of various wavelengths

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Boris N. Rakhmanov ◽  
Vladimir I. Kezik ◽  
Vladimir T. Kibovsky ◽  
Valentin M. Ponomarev
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Laser Irradiation ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Laser Safety ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Allowable Level ◽  
Correct Formula

Introduction.Evidences prove falseness of formula determining maximal allowable level of total energy of laser irradiation in case when eyes or skin are simultaneously exposed to several irradiation sources with various wavelengths. The formula was mentioned in actual «Sanitary rules and regulations for lasers construction and exploitation» Nо 5804–91 and in SanPiN 2.2.4.3359–16, that in a part of VIII section «Laser irradiation atworkplace» are latest acting regulation document on laser safety. SanPiN 2.2.4.13–2–2006 of Belarus Republic and regulation document Nо 299 of Customs Union Commission of Eurasia Economic Community on 28/05/2010 appeared to contain other, more correct formula determining the same maximal allowable level.Objectivewas to improve regulation basis in laser safety by correcting mistakes made previously in regulation documents.Deducing formulae.The article presents thorough and consistent deducing a formula to determine total energy of laser irradiation in case when eyes or skin are simultaneously and jointly exposed to several irradiation sources with various wavelengths. The efforts resulted in the formula that agreed with formulae presented in the regulation document on laser safety of Belarus Republic and in the regulation document Nо 299 of Customs Union Commission of Eurasia Economic Community on 28/05/2010.Discussion.Correctness of the obtained formula is supported by numerical examples and by comparison with other formulae used in regulation documents on hygienic regulation of other acting factors.Conclusion.Results of the work are summarized, and emphasis is made on its value for solving problems of improving regulation basis for laser safety.

scholarly journals The ASEAN WITHOUT A CUSTOMS UNION OR A SINGLE MARKET CONSEQUENCES OF THE ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY BLUEPRINT 2025

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-127
Author(s):  
Moh Firstananto Jerusalem
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Asean Economic Community

Abstract In the ASEAN Economic Community blueprint 2015 the term “single market” was used as a goal of economic community. Theoretically, single market is a level of economic integration after customs union. Under that blueprint, customs union could have a chance to be established as a necessary prerequisite for single market. However, the new blueprint 2025 does not adopt single market concept anymore. Different terms have been introduced namely “integrated and cohesive economy” and “unified market”. This article aims at assessing economic integration concept adopted in the ASEAN Economic Community blueprint by utilizing content analysis. It will review the change of concept by employing economic integration theory in order to indicate the direction of economic community goal. The finding is that the change of terms reflects the change of concept. As a result, ASEAN Economic Community will have a different direction in pursuing economic integration. Therefore, under the new blueprint ASEAN will not proceed to customs union and single market. However, it will remain at free trade area level of economic integration. In addition, ASEAN will not be a close trade block but tend to be an open regionalism in relation to non-ASEAN countries or regions. Keywords: ASEAN Economic Community, Customs Union, Single Market, Economic Integration, Open Regionalism.

scholarly journals The Initial Evaluation of the Economic Effects of the Customs Union Operating Process within the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC)

2013 ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
E. S. Ratushnyak
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Initial Evaluation ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
Mutual Trade ◽  
Operating Process

This note provides an initial estimation of some of the economic effects of the customs union operating process within the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) and the single economic space,statistical data on mutual trade between the states of the customs union both as a whole on the customs union, and separately on its members(respectively, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia), besides it provides the main results of functioning of the Customs union during the period of 2010–2011.

State and Private Pension Schemes in the European Economic Community and the United Kingdom

1963 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. N. Ratcliff
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
Treaty Of Rome ◽  
The Common

The European Economic Community came into existence on 1 January 1958, following the ratification of the Treaty of Rome by the parliaments of the six member countries, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The long-term aim of ‘The Six’ in setting up the Community was to achieve a unified economic unit with a common economic policy, and whilst commonly referred to in the United Kingdom as the Common Market it should not be thought of merely as an advanced form of customs union.

A PARTIAL ASEAN CUSTOMS UNION POST 2015?

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 593-617
Author(s):  
SANCHITA BASU DAS ◽  
RAHUL SEN ◽  
SADHANA SRIVASTAVA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Welfare Gains ◽  
Applied General Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Modeling ◽  
Welfare Losses ◽  
Asean Economic Community ◽  
General Equilibrium Modeling

This paper explores the feasibility of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) moving forward to the next step of economic integration, i.e., towards an ASEAN Customs Union (ACU) post-2015. Effectively, the way to progress towards an ACU is by forming it among ASEAN-9 members with Singapore maintaining its existing zero tariffs against non-members, thereby creating a Partial ACU. Using applied general equilibrium modeling exercise based on GTAP, the findings suggest that there are potential net positive welfare gains to be collectively reaped by ASEAN if it moves from an AFTA to a partial ACU post-2015. However, not all ASEAN members will individually gain from such an ACU and members may need to devise a feasible mechanism wherein some member country welfare losses in an ACU can be compensated by the members who gain. The paper argues that in spite of political economy challenges due to ASEAN’s unique characteristics and diversity in the levels of economic development among members, such a Partial ACU could be considered by ASEAN leaders due to its strategic imperatives.

scholarly journals Economic and political initiatives of European integration for the period 1945-1992

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-121
Author(s):  
W. Viviers ◽  
T F.J. Steyn
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
The Political ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Political Success

The integration of the European Communities (EC, today EU) has been described as one of the most successful examples of economic integration worldwide. This study examines the reason for this success from two perspectives. Firstly, the economic success of EC integration for the period 1945 to 1992 is investigated. It is concluded that, notwithstanding difficulties experienced, the economic integration process represents the EC's greatest achievement. An example of this is the completion of the EC internal market through the European Economic Community (EEC) customs union and the EC-92 programme. Secondly, the investigation focuses on the political success of EC integration. The evaluation shows that political powerplay endangered and inhibited the process of economic integration in the EC.

scholarly journals Low-Level Laser Therapy with a 635 nm Diode Laser Affects Orthodontic Mini-Implants Stability: A Randomized Clinical Split-Mouth Trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Flieger ◽  
Tomasz Gedrange ◽  
Kinga Grzech-Leśniak ◽  
Marzena Dominiak ◽  
Jacek Matys
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Laser Irradiation ◽  
Diode Laser ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Laser Application ◽  
Pain Level ◽  
Mini Implants ◽  
Attached Gingiva ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Secondary Stability

Background: The study aimed to clinically estimate an influence of a 635 nm diode laser on the stability of orthodontic mini-implants, to assess mini-implants loss, and to evaluate a pain level after the treatment. Materials and Methods: The randomized clinical split-mouth trial included 20 subjects (13 women and 7 men; age: 32.5 ± 6.1 years), 40 implants (RMO, West Colfax Ave., Denver, CO, USA) with a diameter 1.4 mm and length of 10 mm. Mini-implants were placed in the area of the attached gingiva between the second premolar and first molar teeth, 2 mm below the mucogingival junction of both sides of the maxilla. Each implant on the right side (G1, n = 20) of the maxilla was irradiated with a diode laser, and the implants on the opposite side (left, G2, n = 20) were a control group (without laser irradiation). The 635-nm laser parameters; dose: 10 J per point (20 J/cm2), time: 100 s per point, two points (irradiation on a buccal, and a palatal side of the alveolus/implant), the total energy per session 20 J. Laser application protocol: immediately and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 30 days after surgery. The total energy after all therapeutic sessions was 140 J. The implants’ stability was measured employing a Periotest device (Periotest Test Value—PTV) immediately and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 30, and 60 days after the insertion of the mini-implants. Results: We found significantly higher secondary stability, lower mean PTV (6.18 ± 5.30) and (1.51 ± 2.25), for self-drilling mini-implants (G1, test group) in contrast to the control, G2 group (9.17 ± 8.25) and (5.00 ± 3.24), after 30 (p = 0.0003) and 60 days (p = 0.0000). Moreover, the analysis of the mini-implants stability after 635-nm diode laser application revealed significant higher stability in comparison with none irradiated implants (G2 group) after 3 days. (p = 0.0000) There was no significant difference in pain level measured on the NRS-11 scale on both sides of the maxilla. (p = 0.3665) An important finding was that all inserted mini-implants survived during a two-month observation period. Conclusions: 635-nm diode laser at laser irradiation increases the secondary stability of orthodontic mini-implants.

The European Challenge: Britain's EEC Application in 1961

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (01) ◽  
pp. 61-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Steinnes
Keyword(s):  
European Economic Community ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Full Membership ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Conservative Government ◽  
Supranational Integration ◽  
Post War ◽  
War Policy

In mid-July 1961 the Conservative government in Britain, headed by Harold Macmillan, decided to apply for full membership of the European Economic Community (EEC). Successive British governments had persistently opted for intergovernmental co-operation instead of supranational integration as in the case of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the EEC. Thus the application, which implied the intent to join a supranational structure and a customs union, marked an unexpected and somewhat surprising break with the well-established British post-war policy.

Total Energy and Forces: Some Numerical Examples

2010 ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
John M. Wills ◽  
Mebarek Alouani ◽  
Per Andersson ◽  
Anna Delin ◽  
Olle Eriksson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Numerical Examples
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