Estrus stage-specific proteinase in uterine fluid of the rat

Abstract Background Repeat breeding is a critical reproductive disorder in cattle. The problem of repeat breeder cattle remains largely unmanageable due to a lack of informative biomarkers. Here, we utilized metabolomic profiling in an attempt to identify metabolites in the blood plasma and uterine luminal fluids. We collected blood and uterine fluid from repeat breeder and healthy cows on day 7 of the estrous cycle. Results Metabolomic analysis identified 17 plasma metabolites detected at concentrations that distinguished between the two groups, including decreased various bile acids among the repeat breeders. However, no metabolites that varied significantly were detected in the uterine luminal fluids between two groups. Among the plasma samples, kynurenine was identified as undergoing the most significant variation. Kynurenine is a metabolite produced from tryptophan via the actions of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). As IDO is key for maternal immune tolerance and induced in response to interferon tau (IFNT, ruminant maternal recognition of pregnancy factor), we examined the responsiveness to IFNT on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from healthy and repeat breeder cows. The mRNA expression of IFNT-response makers (ISG15 and MX2) were significantly increased by IFNT treatment in a dose-dependent manner in both groups. Although treatment with IFNT promoted the expression of IDO in PBMCs from both groups, it did so at a substantially reduced rate among the repeat breeder cows, suggesting that decreased levels of kynurenine may relate to the reduced IDO expression in repeat breeder cows. Conclusions These findings provide valuable information towards the identification of critical biomarkers for repeat breeding syndrome in cattle.

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The Development of the Embryo and Membranes of the Humpback Whale, Megaptera nodosa (Bonnaterre)

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf9600365 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 365 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

CW Stump ◽

JP Robins ◽

ML Garde

Keyword(s):

Umbilical Cord ◽

Uterine Cavity ◽

Distal Region ◽

Yolk Sac ◽

Consecutive Series ◽

Chorionic Villi ◽

Suspensory Ligament ◽

Foetal Membranes ◽

Uterine Fluid ◽

Tubular Form

The material consists of 20 embryos (5-30 mm) and two foetuses (63 mm and 90 mm) collected at whaling stations on Moreton and Norfolk Islands (latitude 27� 11'S. and 29� 5' S. respectively) during late August, September, and early October in 1952-53-54 and 1956. The consecutive series permitted the study of membrane formation and organogenesis. Younger embryos are found in grooves between the folds of endometrium in a constant site in that uterine horn associated with the ovary containing the recent corpus luteum. Older embryos and the early foetus are adapted to lie freely in the uterine fluid, and are devoid of any mechanism for apposition or attachment to the endometrium. Variation in the sequence of the association of the components of the umbilical cord provides suspensory structures for the amnion and yolk sac, and for the embryo a bifid ligament, retained in the early foetus for attachment of the foetal membranes. In the younger foetus the allantoic duct drains the nephric secretion into the uterine cavity. In the older foetus chorionic villi are present. The bifid suspensory ligament forms the major part of the distal region of the umbilical cord. The allantoic duct is reunited with the allantoic sac. Amniogenesis is by folding. During the embryonic period the chorio-amniotic connection forms a suspensory ligament. The yolk sac, attached by a novel ligament to the amnion, is large and functional in the embryo. In the foetus vascular splanchnopleure is present in a tubular form. A rete system develops in the embryo.

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Pharmacokinetics and distribution of sulphadimidine in plasma, milk and uterine fluid of female buffaloes

Veterinary Research Communications ◽

10.1007/bf00396402 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 41-46

Author(s):

M. K. Singh ◽

C. Jayachandran ◽

G. P. Roy ◽

N. C. Banerjee

Keyword(s):

Uterine Fluid

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Synthesis and secretion of an estrus stage-specific protein by rat uterus.

Cell Biology International ◽

10.1006/cbir.1994.1126 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 889-896 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

L Yang

Keyword(s):

Specific Protein ◽

Rat Uterus ◽

Estrus Stage

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Influence of estradiol on bovine trophectoderm and uterine gene transcripts around maternal recognition of pregnancy

Biology of Reproduction ◽

10.1093/biolre/ioab091 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Emmalee J Northrop-Albrecht ◽

Jerica J J Rich ◽

Robert A Cushman ◽

Runan Yao ◽

Xijin Ge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Artificial Insemination ◽

Mrna Level ◽

Fixed Time ◽

Beef Cows ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Embryo Survival ◽

Uterine Fluid ◽

Gene Transcripts

Abstract Embryo survival and pregnancy success is increased among animals that exhibit estrus prior to fixed time artificial insemination (AI), but there are no differences in conceptus survival to d16. The objective of this study was to determine effects of preovulatory estradiol on uterine transcriptomes, select trophectoderm transcripts, and uterine luminal fluid (ULF) proteins. Beef cows/heifers were synchronized, artificially inseminated (d0), and grouped into either high (highE2) or low (lowE2) preovulatory estradiol. Uteri were flushed (d16); conceptuses and endometrial biopsies (n = 29) were collected. RNA sequencing was performed on endometrium. Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) was performed on trophectoderm (TE; n = 21) RNA to measure relative abundance of IFNT, PTGS2, TM4SF1, C3, FGFR2, and GAPDH. Uterine fluid was analyzed using 2D LC–MS/MS based iTRAQ method. RT-PCR data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. There were no differences in mRNA abundances in TE, but there were 432 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (253 downregulated, 179 upregulated) in highE2/conceptus versus lowE2/conceptus groups. There were also 48 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs; 19 upregulated, 29 downregulated), 6 of these were differentially expressed (FDR < 0.10) at the mRNA level. Similar pathways for mRNA and proteins included: calcium signaling, protein kinase A signaling, and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) signaling. These differences in uterine function, may be preparing the conceptus for improved likelihood of survival after d16 among highE2 animals.

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Osmoregulation by the Prenatal Spiny Dogfish, Squalus Acanthias

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.101.1.295 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 101 (1) ◽

pp. 295-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

DAVID H. EVANS ◽

AIMO OIKARI ◽

GREGG A. KORMANIK ◽

LEIGH MANSBERGER

Keyword(s):

Sea Water ◽

Electrical Potential ◽

Fluid Flows ◽

Maternal Plasma ◽

Water Levels ◽

Squalus Acanthias ◽

Rectal Gland ◽

Na Efflux ◽

Uterine Fluid ◽

Electrochemical Equilibrium

Late in gestation of the ovoviviparous dogfish, Squalus acanthias, the uterine fluids are essentially sea water, while the plasma of the ‘pup’ is similar to that of the female, i.e. isotonic to sea water/uterine fluids, with significantly less Na and Cl, and substantial concentrations of urea. Early ‘candle’ embryos are bathed in ‘candle’ fluid and uterine fluid which contains Na and Cl concentrations intermediate between maternal plasma and sea water levels, K concentrations above sea water levels, and urea concentrations slightly below those found in the maternal plasma. Both fluids are isotonic to sea water and maternal plasma. Incubation of ‘candles’ with associated embryos in sea water for 4–6 days resulted in significant increases in ‘candle’ fluid Na and Cl concentrations, and a decline in ‘candle’ fluid K and urea levels. However, under these conditions, the ‘candle’ embryo is still able to regulate plasma Na, Cl, K and urea concentrations. The efflux of Cl is approximately 5 times the efflux of Na from the prenatal ‘pup’; however, both effluxes are equivalent to those described for adult elasmobranchs. The transepithelial electrical potential (TEP) across the ‘pup’ is −4.4 mV in sea water, which indicates that both Na and Cl are maintained out of electrochemical equilibrium. Cloacal fluid flows vary diurnally with Na and Cl concentrations significantly above those of the plasma. Rectal gland efflux can account for 50–100% of the Na efflux, but less than 25% of the Cl efflux. Removal of the rectal gland resulted in an increase in plasma Na and Cl concentrations 48 or 72 h after the operation, but in both cases it appears that some extra rectal gland excretory system balances at least some of the net influx of both salts. Our results demonstrate that even very young ‘candle’ embryos of S. acanthias are capable of osmoregulation, and that older embryos (‘pups') osmoregulate against sea water intra-utero and display the major hallmarks of elasmobranch osmoregulation, including a reduced ionic permeability and a functional rectal gland for net extrusion of NaCl. In addition, it appears that other pathways exist for salt extrusion in addition to the rectal gland. Note:

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Temporal and spatial expression of adrenomedullin and its receptors in the porcine uterus and peri-implantation conceptuses

Biology of Reproduction ◽

10.1093/biolre/ioab110 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sudikshya Paudel ◽

Bangmin Liu ◽

Magdalina J Cummings ◽

Kelsey E Quinn ◽

Fuller W Bazer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peptide Hormone ◽

Uterine Receptivity ◽

Mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin ◽

Evolutionarily Conserved ◽

Uterine Fluid ◽

Temporal And Spatial ◽

Functional Peptide ◽

And Migration ◽

Implantation Period ◽

Proliferation And Migration

Abstract Adrenomedullin (ADM) is an evolutionarily conserved multi-functional peptide hormone that regulates implantation, embryo spacing and placentation in humans and rodents. However, the potential roles of ADM in implantation and placentation in pigs, as a litter-bearing species, are not known. This study determined abundances of ADM in uterine luminal fluid, and the patterns of expression of ADM and its receptor components (CALCRL, RAMP2, RAMP3, and ACKR3) in uteri from cyclic and pregnant gilts, as well as conceptuses (embryonic/fetus and its extra-embryonic membranes) during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy. Total recoverable ADM was greater in the uterine fluid of pregnant compared with cyclic gilts between Days 10 and 16 post-estrus, and was from uterine luminal epithelial (LE) and conceptus trophectoderm (Tr) cells. Uterine expression of CALCRL, RAMP2, and ACKR3 were affected by day (P < 0.05), pregnant status (P < 0.01) and/or day x status (P < 0.05). Within porcine conceptuses, expression of CALCRL, RAMP2 and ACKR3 increased between Days 10 and 16 of pregnancy. Using an established porcine trophectoderm (pTr1) cell line, it was determined that 10−7 M ADM stimulated proliferation of pTr1 cells (P < 0.05) at 48 h, and increased phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (p-MTOR) and 4E binding protein 1 (p-4EBP1) by 6.1- and 4.9-fold (P < 0.0001), respectively. These novel results indicate a significant role for ADM in uterine receptivity for implantation and conceptus growth and development in pigs. They also provide a framework for future studies of ADM signaling to affect proliferation and migration of Tr cells, spacing of blastocysts, implantation and placentation in pigs.

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