Statistical Analysis of Screening Studies in Toxicology with Special Emphasis on Neurotoxicology

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shayne C. Gad
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Control Charts ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Principles Of Design ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Screens have a common set of operating characteristics that are not widely appreciated and that make traditional approaches to statistical analysis both insensitive and inefficient in comparison to other available methods. Traditional methods also do not incorporate additional data as it is generated. Such incorporation would serve to strengthen both the design and analysis processes and is essential in the case of screens. Traditional methods of analysis (contingency tables, rank sum, and ANOVA methods) are overviewed briefly, and their weaknesses are discussed. The concept of power and the factors influencing it are discussed. Alternative approaches to analysis of univariate (control charts and central tendency plots) and multivariate (analog contrast plots and multidimensional cluster plots) data from screens are presented, and their performance is evaluated. The resulting general principles of design and analysis of screens for neurotoxicology are presented. The alternative approaches are shown to be superior to traditional approaches in performance toward meeting the objectives of screens.

An Approach to the Design and Analysis of Screening Studies in Toxicology

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.C. Gad
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Exploratory Data ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Neurobehavioral Effects

An increasingly important aspect of toxicology is the use of screening tests for detecting the presence or absence of a single end point of effect, such as mutagenicity or neurobehavioral effects. Such screens have a common set of operating characteristics that are not widely apreciated and that make traditional approaches to statistical analysis insensitive and inefficient in comparison to other available methods. All too often, control and historical data are not used to strengthen the analysis process. The characteristics of screens are presented and reviewed, along with overviews of 26 sets of data from functional observational battery screen (neurobehavioral) studies. Two alternative approaches to statistical analysis of screening tests (a control chart approach and a graphic-exploratory data analysis approach) are presented, along with a review of traditionally used contingency table, rank sum, and ANOVA methods. The performances of these methods in analyzing the test case screen datasets are compared in terms of power, sensitivity, and efficiency. Both alternative approaches are shown to be superior to traditional approaches in performance toward meeting the objectives of screens.

scholarly journals Does Spelling Still Matter—and If So, How Should It Be Taught? Perspectives from Contemporary and Historical Research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Pan ◽  
Timothy C. Rickard ◽  
Robert A. Bjork
Keyword(s):  
Approaches To Teaching ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Relevant Evidence ◽  
Spelling Instruction ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Traditional Approaches

AbstractA century ago, spelling skills were highly valued and widely taught in schools using traditional methods, such as weekly lists, drill exercises, and low- and high-stakes spelling tests. That approach was featured in best-selling textbooks such as the Horn-Ashbaugh Speller of 1920. In the early 21st century, however, skepticism as to the importance of spelling has grown, some schools have deemphasized or abandoned spelling instruction altogether, and there has been a proliferation of non-traditional approaches to teaching spelling. These trends invite a reevaluation of the role of spelling in modern English-speaking societies and whether the subject should be explicitly taught (and if so, what are research-supported methods for doing so). In this article, we examine the literature to address whether spelling skills are still important enough to be taught, summarize relevant evidence, and argue that a comparison of common approaches to spelling instruction in the early 20th century versus more recent approaches provides some valuable insights. We also discuss the value of explicit spelling instruction and highlight potentially effective ways to implement such instruction, including the use of spelling tests. Overall, our goals are to better characterize the role of spelling skills in today’s society and to identify several pedagogical approaches—some derived from traditional methods and others that are more recent—that hold promise for developing such skills in efficient and effective ways.

scholarly journals Digitizing practical production work for high-stakes assessments / La numérisation de travaux pratiques de production pour les évaluations à enjeux élevés / La numérisation de travaux pratiques de production pour les évaluations à enjeux élevés

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Newhouse ◽  
Pina Tarricone
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Creative Expression ◽  
Practical Work ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
External Assessment ◽  
Digital Representations ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Traditional Approaches

High-stakes external assessment for practical courses is fraught with problems impacting on the manageability, validity and reliability of scoring. Alternative approaches to assessment using digital technologies have the potential to address these problems. This paper describes a study that investigated the use of these technologies to create and submit digital representations of practical production work and forms of creative expression for summative high-stakes assessment. The study set out to determine the feasibility of students creating and submitting these digital representations for assessment and to identify which of analytical or comparative pairs scoring generated the more reliable scores. This paper proposes that scoring digital representations of creative practical work submitted by students is a viable alternative to traditional approaches to assessment. L’évaluation externe à enjeux élevés dans les cours pratiques se heurte à des problèmes qui se répercutent sur la gestion, la validité et la fiabilité de la notation. Des approches différentes de l'évaluation utilisant des technologies numériques ont le potentiel de remédier à ces problèmes. Cet article décrit une étude consacrée à l'utilisation de ces technologies pour créer et soumettre des représentations numériques de travaux pratiques de production et de création pour une évaluation sommative à enjeux élevés. L'étude visait à déterminer si la création de ces représentations numériques par les étudiants et leur soumission pour évaluation étaient réalisables. Elle visait aussi à identifier quel système de notation de groupe, analytique ou comparatif, générait les scores les plus fiables. Cet article soutient que noter les représentations numériques de travaux pratiques soumis par les étudiants offre un choix viable aux approches traditionnelles d'évaluation.

scholarly journals Changes in ethnic structure in the Caucasus region since the end of the 1980’s: primary statistical analysis

Geografie ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-144
Author(s):  
Libor Jelen
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Urbanization Level ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Political Units

The article deals with changes in ethnic structure in 13 political units of the North and the South Caucasus resulting from societal processes going on after the last 1989 Soviet census and illustrated by the outcome of censuses held in 1999–2005. The study deals with changes in population share of titular groups, Russians and other ethnic groups, with changing urbanization level and general regional population growth. It also makes an assessment of substantial changes in the ethnic structure in selected territories in connection with political and economical factors influencing the post-1989 development of the region and its ethno-territorial entities.

The Margin of Appreciation

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-96
Author(s):  
Jan Zglinski
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
Domestic Institutions ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Margin Of Appreciation

This chapter examines the application of the margin of appreciation in free movement cases. It identifies the doctrine’s legal scope and investigates the scenarios in which the European Court of Justice defers to national authorities. A statistical analysis suggests that there is a significant gap between theory and practice, with only a small number of factors influencing the way in which the margin of appreciation is used. The results show how much regulatory autonomy Member States retain in free movement law. They also expose which concerns the Court prioritizes in its jurisprudence and which decisions it feels safe, or forced, to delegate to domestic institutions.

The Role of Management Accounting Systems in Public Hospitals and the Construction of Budgets

2016 ◽  
pp. 366-389
Author(s):  
Carla Marina Pereira de Campos ◽  
Lúcia Lima Rodrigues ◽  
Susana Margarida Faustino Jorge
Keyword(s):  
Management Accounting ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Accounting Systems ◽  
The Public ◽  
Management Accounting Systems ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Traditional Approaches

The role of management accounting systems (MAS) in the construction of budgets in the public health sector has been one of the least studied topics in the international literature. Furthermore, several studies have confirmed the loss of relevance of traditional approaches to budgeting due to the need to implement techniques that are more performance-oriented. Since public hospitals are organisations that depend significantly on public funds, with substantial impacts on governments' budgets, the pressure for reducing expenditures is strong, causing increased difficulties in hospital management. In order to analyse the role of MAS in the preparation of hospital budgets, this chapter presents a literature review on this topic. This review allows to understand the loss of relevance of traditional budgeting techniques and to present alternative approaches. In this process, the implementation of different kinds of budgeting is heavily influenced by governments and professionals. Nevertheless, the research on this topic is still very scarce, evidencing the need to continue studying it.

2. IR as an Academic Subject

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-66
Author(s):  
Robert Jackson ◽  
Georg Sørensen ◽  
Jørgen Møller
Keyword(s):  
International Political Economy ◽  
First World War ◽  
Good Theory ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
Academic Subject ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
First World

This chapter examines how thinking about international relations (IR) has evolved since IR became an academic subject around the time of the First World War. The focus is on four established IR traditions: realism, liberalism, International Society, and International Political Economy (IPE). The chapter first considers three major debates that have arisen since IR became an academic subject at the end of the First World War: the first was between utopian liberalism and realism; the second between traditional approaches and behaviouralism; the third between neorealism/neoliberalism and neo-Marxism. There is an emerging fourth debate, that between established traditions and post-positivist alternatives. The chapter concludes with an analysis of alternative approaches that challenge the established traditions of IR, and with a discussion about criteria for good theory in IR.

2. IR as an Academic Subject

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jackson ◽  
Georg Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
Academic Subject ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
First World

This chapter examines how thinking about international relations (IR) has evolved since IR became an academic subject around the time of the First World War. The focus is on four established IR traditions: realism, liberalism, International Society, and International Political Economy (IPE). The chapter first considers three major debates that have arisen since IR became an academic subject at the end of the First World War: the first was between utopian liberalism and realism; the second between traditional approaches and behaviouralism; the third between neorealism/neoliberalism and neo-Marxism. There is an emerging fourth debate, that between established traditions and post-positivist alternatives. The chapter concludes with an analysis of alternative approaches that challenge the established traditions of IR.

Overview of Author Cocitation Analysis Procedures

2010 ◽  
pp. 144-170
Author(s):  
Sean Eom
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Cocitation Analysis ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Author Cocitation ◽  
Frequency Counts ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Author Cocitation Analysis

The previous two chapters examined the two alternative approaches of retrieving cocitation counts using custom databases and cocitation frequency counts extraction systems. The cocitaion frequency counts are the inputs to the SAS or SPSS systems for multivariate statistical analysis. The primary purpose of this chapter is to overview several important steps in author cocitation analysis. ACA consists of the six major steps beginning with the selection of author sets for further analysis, then collection of cocitation frequency counts, statistical analysis of the cocitation frequency counts, and the validation and interpretation of statistical outputs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document