Skin Penetration Method Suggested for Environmental Protection Agency Requirements

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 829-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Zendzian
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Skin Penetration ◽  
Dermal Absorption ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Total Urine

The Environmental Protection Agency has circulated a protocol for examining the dermal absorption of pesticides in rats. This protocol will be considered as a guideline for determining the dermal absorption of pesticides. Approximately 40 pesticides have been evaluated with this protocol. Male rats are dosed dermally with labeled pesticide. Doses, in mg/cm2, are applied to the shaven skin of the back as the use product, diluted with water if necessary. The application site is protected with a nonocclusive device. Four rats per dose are exposed for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 10, or 24 hrs. Samples collected are soap and water wash, skin at the application site, blood, total urine and feces, carcass, and selected tissues. Mass balance calculations include determination of pesticide that can be removed with soap and water, pesticide bound on or in the skin, total pesticide absorbed with time, blood concentrations with time, pesticide accumulation in target tissues, and pesticide excreted.

The Use of Aniline Blue for the Determination of Dead Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and Meroplankton in LC50 Testings After 96 Hours… A Re-Evaluation of the US Environmental Protection Agency Methodology

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balram Seepersad ◽  
Kelvin Ramnath ◽  
Shyam Dyal ◽  
Reeza Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Aniline Blue ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
The Us ◽  
Visual Observations

There is a need for a reliable staining technique to distinguish between live and dead organisms following LC50 tests. This is especially so in cases where organisms can be stressed or even become unconscious and appear dead to the aided or naked eyes. Visual observations under such conditions can result in an LC50 value shifting to the lower concentration thereby imposing stiffer guidelines for compliance. Aniline blue can only stain individuals which are physiologically dead imposing an accurate live-dead evaluation and producing a true LC50 value. Guidelines imposed using such data will facilitate compliance and provide an accurate value for an LC50.

Influence of Dimension Stones on the Increase of Radon Gas Levels Indoors

2014 ◽  
Vol 634 ◽  
pp. 548-558
Author(s):  
P.G.Q. Amaral ◽  
A.C. Artur ◽  
D.M. Bonotto ◽  
T.M.B. Galembeck
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Human Habitation ◽  
Air Circulation ◽  
Analysis Determination

The present work features results on the possible increase of radioactive 222Rn gas in environments of human habitation, caused by the use of dimension stones inside constructions with poor air circulation. For the study, “granitic” stones were selected from Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states, commonly used as decorative stones and as wall covering. They were subjected to petrographic analysis, determination of physical indexes and level of U, and were monitored to quantify the amount of 222Rn gas released. The rates of 238U in the rocks stood between 2.9 ppm and 37 ppm, and the amount of 222Rn gas released ranged between extremely low for six of the stones (up to 98 Bq/m3) and moderate to considerably high (between 471 and 2483 Bq/m3) for four others. From the calculations to cumulatively evaluate the radiation levels generated by radon release, nine samples are below the limit of 4 pCi/L set by the EPA– Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.A.) and one is above that limit, demonstrating the role of these stones in increasing radon levels in ill-ventilated environments.

Large-Scale Interlaboratory Study of the Accuracy of Asbestos Analysis by TEM

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 974-975
Author(s):  
S. Turner ◽  
S.S. Doorn ◽  
J.M. Phelps ◽  
E.S. Windsor ◽  
E.B. Steel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Interlaboratory Study ◽  
School Buildings ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Accreditation Program ◽  
Large Scale Study ◽  
Interlaboratory Studies

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been mandated by Congress to accredit and to test the proficiency of laboratories involved in the analysis of asbestos on filters by TEM. The laboratories are specifically accredited as proficient in the determination of the concentration of asbestos in air following abatement (or removal) of asbestos from school buildings using analytical procedures developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Related to the accreditation program, NIST has conducted two interlaboratory studies of the accuracy of analysis by TEM. The first study involved comparison of analyses by 15 laboratories. This work describes a large-scale study of the accuracy of analysis of asbestos on filters by 113 laboratories.

The Use of Aniline Blue for the Determination of Dead Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and Meroplankton in LC50 Testings After 96 Hours: A Re-Evaluation of the US Environmental Protection Agency Methodology

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balram Seepersad ◽  
Kelvin Ramnath ◽  
Shyam Dyal ◽  
Reeza Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Aniline Blue ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
The Us ◽  
Visual Observations

There is a need for a reliable staining technique to distinguish between live and dead organisms following LC50 tests. This is especially so in cases where organisms can be stressed or even become unconscious and appear dead to the aided or naked eyes. Visual observations under such conditions can result in an LC50 value shifting to the lower concentration thereby imposing stiffer guidelines for compliance. Aniline blue can only stain individuals which are physiologically dead imposing an accurate live-dead evaluation and producing a true LC50 value. Guidelines imposed using such data will facilitate compliance and provide an accurate value for an LC50.

scholarly journals A holistic study of neonicotinoids neuroactive insecticides—properties, applications, occurrence, and analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (34) ◽  
pp. 34723-34740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogusław Buszewski ◽  
Małgorzata Bukowska ◽  
Magdalena Ligor ◽  
Irena Staneczko-Baranowska
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Neonicotinoid Pesticides

Abstract Among pesticides and foliar sprays involved in the treatment of seed, soil, and grass, also to crops, an important group is neonicotinoids. Neonicotinoid pesticides present similar properties with nicotine, but the mentioned compounds are less harmful for humans. Nevertheless, neonicotinoids are poisonous to insects and some invertebrates, which can act against insects’ central nervous system, leading to their death. Moreover, neonicotinoids can affect the reproduction, foraging, and flying ability of honeybee and other insects including pollinators. In the present study, some neonicotinoids, such as imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam together with their toxic effects, have been presented. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies these neonicotinoids as II and III class toxicity agents. Due to accumulation of these pesticides into the pollen of treated plants, especially due to their toxic effects against pollinators, the consequences of the occurrence of these insecticides have been discussed. Analytical aspects and methods involved in the isolation and determination of this class of pesticides have been presented in this contribution.

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