«According to used by English captain Cook»: the technology of circumnavigation of the Enlightenment in the Russian implementation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-2) ◽  
pp. 196-212
Author(s):  
Dmitrii Kopelev

The publication is devoted to the problems of transfer of Western European institutional and intellectual technologies in the Russian Empire. Studying the experience of using James Cook's sea navigation techniques in Russia, the author analyzes how the first round-the-world expedition was led under the leadership of G. Mulovsky in 1787 and analyzes the reasons for its cancellation.

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 9-32
Author(s):  
Marek Nalepa

Государственные, народные и культурные границы в мемуарной прозе Юлиана Урсын-НемцевичаУроженец деревни Скоки Брест-Литовского округа Юлиан Урсын-Немцевич в жизни принадлежал к группе людей, необыкновенно интересующихся миром, следствием чего были его многочисленные путешествия по Европе и Америке. Он странствовал, добровольно или под принуждением, по Старому Свету от Сицилии до Скандинавии и от Лондона до Петербурга, совершил экскурсию на Ниагарский водопад, посетил индейские и негритянские деревни Земли Вашингтона и потому, что не чувствовал себя спокойно при мысли, что лучше познал чужие края, чем землю отцов, в 1811 году предпринял цикл исторических путешествий по Польше, в которых, кроме туристических целей, хотел проявить свой гражданский протест против установления в 1772 году границ государствами-захватчиками на земле Речи Посполитой Обоих Народов. Постоянно в сообщениях парламентарных, корреспондентских и литературных он протестовал против административной демаркационной линии, с трудом её пересекал, придерживаясь принципа, что границы Польши раз и навсегда установили пястовские и ягеллонские правители. Он не соглашался с любыми их изменениями и ограничениями и не признал утрату государственных границ в 1795 году. Более всего он сопротивлялся нарушению границ, разделяющих первоначально Варшавское Княжество, а потом Королевство Польское и Российскую империю. State, national and cultural borders in Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz’s memorial prose Born in Skoki, near Brest, Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz was part of a group of people in the Enlightenment period who were exceptionally interested in the world, which led to his numerous travels across Europe and America. He travelled, voluntarily or under coercion, across the Old Continent, from Sicily to Scandinavia, and from London to St. Petersburg; he went on a trip to Niagara Falls, visited Indian and Negro villages in the Washington Land, and, feeling uncomfortable with the idea that he had got to know foreign lands better than his fatherland, in 1811 he embarked on a series of historical journeys across Poland, during which, in addition to pursuing tourist goals, he wanted to manifest his civic objection to the partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. In his accounts memoirs, letters and literary works he consistently challenged administrative demarcation lines, crossing them with great difficulty, faithful as he was to the belief that Poland’s borders had been set once and for all by rulers from the Houses of Piast and Jagiellon. He accepted no changes of the borders and reduction of the country’s territory, and obviously did not acknowledge the loss of statehood in 1795. What became the most problematic for him was the crossing of the border separating first the Duchy of Warsaw and then the Kingdom of Poland from the Russian Empire.


Author(s):  
Maksim Anisimov

Heinrich Gross was a diplomat of the Empress of Russia Elizabeth Petrovna, a foreigner on the Russian service who held some of the most important diplomatic posts of her reign. As the head of Russian diplomatic missions in European countries, he was an immediate participant in the rupture of both Franco-Russian and Russo-Prussian diplomatic relations and witnessed the beginning of the Seven Years' War, while in the capital of Saxony, besieged by Prussian troops. After that H. Gross was one of the members of the collective leadership of the Russian Collegium of Foreign Affairs. So far there is only one biographic essay about him written in the 19th century. The aims of this article are threefold. Using both published foreign affairs-related documentation and diplomatic documents stored in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, it attempts to systematize the materials of the biography of this important participant in international events. It also seeks to assess his professional qualities and get valuable insight into his role both in the major events of European politics and in the implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the mid-18th century. Moreover, the account of the diplomatic career of H. Gross presented in this essay aims to generate genuine interest among researchers in the personality and professional activities of one of the most brilliant Russian diplomats of the Enlightenment Era.


Author(s):  
Jörg Baberowski

This chapter examines the aftermath of the Bolsheviks' victory over both the Whites, or counterrevolutionaries, and all rival socialists. The Bolsheviks broke the military resistance of the Whites, crushed the unrest and strikes of the peasants, and even restored the multiethnic empire, which, in the early months of revolution, had largely fallen apart. In spring 1921, when the Red Army marched into Georgia, the Civil War was officially over. For the Bolsheviks, however, military victory was not the end but rather the beginning of a mission, not simply to shake the world but to transform it. Although weapons may have decided the war in favor of the revolutionaries they had not settled the question of power. This chapter considers Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) that would implement economic reforms, the Bolsheviks' failure to carry power into villages, and the dictatorship's lack of support from the proletariat. It also describes the nationalization of the Russian empire and Joseph Stalin's rise to power.


Author(s):  
Aigul R. Nurieva ◽  
◽  
Marat Z. Gibadullin ◽  
Diana I. Zainutdinova ◽  
◽  
...  

The current state of the world economy is characterized by instability and mobility. In the context of a protracted crisis, aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic, competitive contradictions between the leading actors in international economic relations and world politics are exacerbating. Each of them is trying to fix the positions they have won in the world arena, resorting to the tools of economic and military diplomacy to achieve their strategic goals. The confrontation between old and new world leaders of the world economy is being transferred not only to traditional markets, but also to new ones, which were previously on the periphery of their economic interests. The African continent today, like in the nineteenth century, attracts more and more close attention of the leading states of the world. Rich in natural resources, it becomes an arena for the struggle for control over it from the United States, China, and European countries. Taking into account the fact that for Russia the field of foreign economic activity has significantly narrowed in recent years, its return to Africa should become one of the priorities of the national foreign economic strategy. In the above context, it seems relevant to comprehensively study the stages of development of economic relations between Russia and African countries and, based on historical experience, to identify the shortcomings and failures of economic policy in relations with African partners. When writing the article, the authors used general scientific research methods, primarily the dialectical method of cognition, the logical and historical method, deduction and induction, and mathematical methods. In the course of the study, the following results were achieved. (1) Based on the analysis of historical documents, the nature of the economic relations of the Russian Empire with African countries at various stages of their evolution has been determined. It has been established that, at the initial stage of interaction, Russia, in its desire to establish economic contacts with the states in the region, relied on the principle of respect for their sovereignty as independent states, independent subjects of international economic relations; however, at the following stage, associated with the beginning of the colonial division of Africa by the European powers, Russia was forced to passively participate in the colonial aggression against the countries of the region, entering into international agreements with the colonialists on the status of African countries. (2) Based on the processing of statistical data on the foreign trade of the Russian Empire with African countries and territories, a tendency has been revealed that characterizes the gradual curtailment of Russia’s economic activity in this region.


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