scholarly journals Primate Social Cognition and the Core Human Knowledge Concept

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Turri
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Comparative Psychology ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Core Knowledge ◽  
The Core ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
In Virtue Of ◽  
Folk Epistemology

I review recent work from armchair and cross-cultural epistemology on whether humans possess a knowledge concept as part of a universal “folk epistemology.” The work from armchair epistemology fails because it mischaracterizes ordinary knowledge judgments. The work from cross-cultural epistemology provides some defeasible evidence for a universal folk epistemology. I argue that recent findings from comparative psychology establish that humans possess a species-typical knowledge concept. More specifically, recent work shows that knowledge attributions are a central part of primate social cognition, used to predict others’ behavior and guide decision-making. The core primate knowledge concept is that of truth detection (across different sensory modalities) and retention (through memory) and may also include rudimentary forms of indirect truth discovery through inference. In virtue of their evolutionary heritage, humans inherited the primate social-cognitive system and thus share this core knowledge concept.

scholarly journals Primate Social Cognition and the Core Human Knowledge Concept

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Turri
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Comparative Psychology ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Core Knowledge ◽  
The Core ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
In Virtue Of ◽  
Folk Epistemology

The author reviews recent work from armchair and cross-cultural epistemology on whether humans possess a knowledge concept as part of a universal “folk epistemology.” The work from armchair epistemology fails because it mischaracterizes ordinary knowledge judgments. The work from cross-cultural epistemology provides some defeasible evidence for a universal folk epistemology. He argues that recent findings from comparative psychology establish that humans possess a species-typical knowledge concept. More specifically, recent work shows that knowledge attributions are a central part of primate social cognition, used to predict others’ behavior and guide decision-making. The core primate knowledge concept is that of truth detection (across different sensory modalities) and retention (through memory), and may also include rudimentary forms of indirect truth discovery through inference. In virtue of their evolutionary heritage, humans inherited the primate social-cognitive system and thus share this core knowledge concept.

Disorganization and Social Cognition: Data from the Italian Network of Research on Psychoses

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S39-S40
Author(s):  
P. Rocca
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
The Core ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
Multi Center Study

Social cognition (SC) refers broadly to the domains of cognitive functions that are employed in socially relevant situations. These disturbances have been found to be strongly related to disorganized and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Each of the disorganization symptoms suggests a diminishment or absence of organization. There seems to be a loss of the ability to be directed toward or committed to a particular focal topic or goal. Such conditions are likely to impact patients’ drives or motivations to initiate goal-directed activities that could yield pleasurable opportunities. Moreover, it has been suggested that disorganized symptoms are an integral link in cognitive pathways, with connections between cognitive processes weakening as disorganized symptoms increase. Thus, it seems that when disorganized symptoms are present, people with schizophrenia are no longer able to effectively utilize the neurocognitive abilities necessary for performing social cognitive or metacognitive tasks. It is also in line with models of disorganization in schizophrenia (Bleuler, 1911) that a “loosening of associations”—similar to current conceptualizations of disorganized symptoms—is at the core of these cognitive disruptions. Previous research has linked disorganization to cognition (neurocognition and SC) and cognition to social functioning, although in separate studies. The present study was conducted to explore a model, where disorganization predicted social functioning both directly both through indirect effects on other determinants (neurocognition, SC and negative symptoms) in a large, and well-characterized sample of patients with schizophrenia recruited in the context of a multi-center study of the Italian Network for Research on Psychoses (NIRP).Disclosure of interestThe author declares that he has no competing interest.

Truth in Virtue of Meaning

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-397
Author(s):  
Arthur Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Preliminary Stage ◽  
Entire Spectrum ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
In Virtue Of

In recent work on a priori justification, one thing about which there is considerable agreement is that the notion of truth in virtue of meaning is bankrupt and infertile. (For the sake of more readable prose, I will use ‘TVM’ as an abbreviation for ‘the notion of truth in virtue of meaning.’) Arguments against the worth of TVM can be found across the entire spectrum of views on the a priori, in the work of uncompromising rationalists (such as BonJour (1998)), of centrist moderates (such as Boghossian (1997)), and of uncompromising empiricists (such as Devitt (2004)). My aim is to dispute this widespread opinion.The outline is as follows: first, §§II-III consist of preliminary stage-setting. Then, in §IV I will argue that some of the most prevalent arguments against the worth of TVM — in particular, one which is given clear expression by Quine (1970), and is recently reinforced by Boghossian (1997) — do not engage with the core idea motivating TVM. After deflecting this charge of incoherence, the aim of §§V-VIII is to work toward developing a useful conception of TVM.

Mindreading and Social Cognition

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Suilin Lavelle
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
The Core ◽  
Pluralist Approach

The cognitive ability to think about other people's psychological states is known as `mindreading'. This Element critiques assumptions that have been formative in shaping philosophical theories of mindreading: that mindreading is ubiquitous, underpinning the vast majority of our social interactions; and that its primary goal is to provide predictions and explanations of other people's behaviour. It begins with an overview of key positions and empirical literature in the debate. It then introduces and motivates the pluralist turn in this literature, which challenges the core assumptions of the traditional views. The second part of the Element uses case studies to further motivate the pluralist framework, and to advocate the pluralist approach as the best way to progress our understanding of social cognitive phenomena.

The effects of integrated treatment with atypical antipsychotics and social cognition training on functional outcome

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S68-S68
Author(s):  
G. Sachs ◽  
B. Winklbaur ◽  
A. Erfurth
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Atypical Antipsychotics ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Integrated Treatment ◽  
The Core ◽  
Conventional Antipsychotics ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Core Features

Social cognition is impaired in patients with schizophrenia [1]. This impairment is one of the core features of the illness and has a clear impact on functional outcome.While conventional antipsychotics might have a worsening effect on social cognition, e.g. on amygdala attenuation in fMRI studies on facial recognition [2], atypical antipsychotics might not show this effect [3].Social cognitive training [4] – such as the training of affect recognition [5] – is a promising approach in the treatment of schizophrenia.Holistic strategies including both treatment with atypical antipsychotics and social cognitive training can improve functional outcome in patients with schizophrenia [6].Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

66. Innovation in the academic half-day CanMEDS medical expert competency for residency educations

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
H. R. Rajani ◽  
C. Good
Keyword(s):  
Core Competency ◽  
Core Knowledge ◽  
Specialist Training ◽  
Medical Expert ◽  
Learning Session ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
The Core ◽  
Case Based Learning ◽  
Contact Hours ◽  
Didactic Presentation

Over the past decade we have attempted various iterations of the academic half-day, but recurring trainee complaints of only didactic sessions, a parallel resident-directed “Nelsons” rounds, and low attendance necessitated a reconsideration of the approach. After discussion with the postgraduate trainees we divided the academic year into two blocks. An initial 8 week “summer program” with 24 student contact hours, focuses on the introduction to and review of common, critical care and emergency pediatric issues. The following 40 weeks has 120 student contact hours. Two thirds of the time is directed at the CanMEDS Medical Expert Core Competency. The postgraduate trainees have developed a three year core knowledge curriculum. The 200 “core” topics are mapped onto four international curricula; the RCPSC’s Objectives of Training and Specialty Training Requirements in Pediatrics using the Systems-Based Educational Objectives in the Core Program in Pediatrics, the American Board of Pediatrics – General Pediatrics Outline, and the Royal College of Pediatrics & Child Health (RCPCH) Framework of Competencies for Basic Specialist Training, and Core Higher Specialist Training in Paediatrics. The two hour Medical Expert session is divided equally into a postgraduate trainee didactic presentation, and a collaborator case-based learning session. Six weeks prior to the scheduled session the trainee and the assigned faculty collaborator receive the core Medical Expert topic mapped to the four international curricula. The pediatric trainee develops a didactic presentation along with a two page summary. The collaborator, a resource for the trainee’s didactic presentation, develops three clinical cases that emphasize core knowledge, and attends as a Medical Expert resource person. We are currently surveying the postgraduate trainees and faculty about this international-based core medical expert program of study.

scholarly journals Does False Consciousness Necessarily Preclude Moral Blameworthiness?: The Refusal of the Women Antisuffragists

Hypatia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Lee Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Epistemic Injustice ◽  
Victim Blaming ◽  
False Consciousness ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
Knowledge Practices ◽  
Structural Distortions ◽  
In Virtue Of

Abstract Social philosophers often invoke the concept of false consciousness in their analyses, referring to a set of evidence-resistant, ignorant attitudes held by otherwise sound epistemic agents, systematically occurring in virtue of, and motivating them to perpetuate, structural oppression. But there is a worry that appealing to the notion in questions of responsibility for the harm suffered by members of oppressed groups is victim-blaming. Individuals under false consciousness allegedly systematically fail the relevant rationality and epistemic conditions due to structural distortions of reasoning or knowledge practices, undermining their status as responsible moral agents. But attending to the constitutive mechanisms and heterogeneity of false consciousness enables us to see how having it does not in itself render someone an inappropriate target of blame. I focus here on the 1889 antisuffragist manifesto “An Appeal against Female Suffrage,” arguing that its signatories, despite false consciousness, satisfy both conditions for ordinary blameworthiness. I consider three prominent signatories, observing that the irrationality characterization is unsustainable beyond group-level diagnoses, and that their capacity to respond appropriately to reasons was not compromised. Following recent work on epistemic injustice, I also argue that culpable mechanisms constituted their false consciousness, rendering them blameworthy for the Appeal.

Adolescents’ Attribution and Outcome Expectancies Regarding Relational Aggression: A Cross-Cultural Comparison and Cultural Value Associations

2020 ◽  
pp. 027243162097767
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Michelle F. Wright ◽  
Danae Rollet
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Outcome Expectancies ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Chinese Adolescents ◽  
Outcome Expectancy ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison

This study compares 477 Chinese and 342 American adolescents’ responses to open-ended questions regarding attribution and outcome expectancies of relational aggression, and investigates how cultural values were related to these social cognitive processes. Results revealed cross-cultural similarities and differences. In particular, American adolescents attributed romantic relationship competition, which was absent in Chinese adolescents’ responses. Furthermore, American adolescents demonstrated a stronger instrumental orientation in their social cognition (e.g., gain status), whereas Chinese adolescents tended to hold the blaming the victim attribution, and the socially harm the victim outcome expectancy. Finally, this study revealed that in both cultural groups, higher collectivism was linked to the blaming the aggressor attribution, as well as escalated peer conflict and aggression as outcome expectancies, whereas individualism was linked to the blaming the victim attribution. Findings of this study enriched our knowledge about the cultural construal of adolescents’ attribution and outcome expectancy regarding relational aggression.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Polish version of the Core Outcome Measures Index for low back pain

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 995-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Miekisiak ◽  
Marta Kollataj ◽  
Jan Dobrogowski ◽  
Wojciech Kloc ◽  
Witold Libionka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Core Outcome ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Cross Cultural Adaptation ◽  
The Core ◽  
Polish Version ◽  
Core Outcome Measures
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