scholarly journals Effectiveness of combined upflow roughing filter and upflow slow sand filter to reduce turbidity in Citarum water as a source of drinking water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gede H Cahyana
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Surface Loading ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Water Company ◽  
Slow Sand Filter

Turbidity of Citarum River was high, fluctuating and used as drinking water source by people and PDAM (Regional Drinking Water Company). The aim of this study was to determine the ability of upflow roughing filter (URF) and upflow slow sand filter (USSF) in reducing turbidity. It was called multistage filtration (MSF). MSF was varied with and without settler. Gravel diameters and perviousness as follows: 0.5 cm was 0.243, 1 cm: 0.264, 2 cm: 0.265, 5 cm: 0.302 or just 24 - 30% of total URF’s volume. When settler was run with surface loading 0.5 m3/m2/hour, flowrate 0.67 l/minute, turbidity 321.16 - 3,496.53 NTU, efficiency was 57.9 - 96.2%. Settler reduced turbidity significantly. URF1 enhanced turbidity removal. However, URF2, URF3, USSF were not effective. In experiment without settler, turbidity was 130.78 - 533.00 NTU but its reduction in URF1 was bad. But in URF2 turbidity was almost the same as in experiment with settler. Efficiency was 41.9 - 89.1%. Here URF1 and URF2’s function were almost the same as settler and URF1. URF3 was ineffective, can be removed. USSF was still needed even though only able to reach 10-25 NTU. URF and USSF contributed to higher efficiency of turbidity removal.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of combined up-flow roughing filter and up-flow slow sand filter to reduce turbidity in Citarum water as a source of drinking water

2021 ◽  
Vol 896 (1) ◽  
pp. 012020
Author(s):  
G H Cahyana ◽  
A R Firdaus ◽  
T Mulyani
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Surface Loading ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Water Company ◽  
Slow Sand Filter

Abstract The turbidity of the Citarum River was high, fluctuating, and used as a drinking water source by PDAM (Regional Drinking Water Company). This study aimed to determine the ability of a combined up-flow roughing filter (URF) and an up-flow slow sand filter (USSF) in reducing turbidity, called multistage filtration (MSF). MSF was varied with and without settlers. Gravel diameters and perviousness: 0.5 cm was 0.243, 1 cm: 0.264, 2 cm: 0.265, 5 cm: 0.302 or 24-30% of URF’s volume. When settler was run with surface loading 0.5 m3/m2/hour, flowrate 0.67 l/minute, turbidity 321.16-3,496.53 NTU, the efficiency was 57.9-96.2%. Settler reduced turbidity significantly. URF1 enhanced turbidity removal. However, URF2, URF3, USSF were not effective. In an experiment without a settler, turbidity 130.78-533.00 NTU, but its reduction in URF1 was bad. In URF2 turbidity was almost the same as in the experiment with the settler. Efficiency was 41.9-89.1%. Here URF1 and URF2’s functions were almost the same as settler and URF1. URF3 was ineffective, can be removed. USSF was needed even though only able to reach 10-25 NTU. URF and USSF contributed to the higher efficiency of turbidity removal.

Global return flow ratio

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloé Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
Flow Ratio ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Dug Wells

Population using an improved drinking water source (piped water into dwellings, yards or plots; public taps or standpipes; boreholes or tubewells; protected dug wells; or protected springs and rainwater) that is located on premises and available when needed and which is free of faecal and priority chemical contamination. Basin Pollution Quality Waste

scholarly journals Are children’s stools in Ghana disposed of safely? Evidence from the 2014 Ghana demographic and health survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Aziz Seidu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Safe Disposal ◽  
Toilet Facility ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Northern Zone

Abstract Background Safe disposal of children’s faeces has always been one of the main challenges to good hygiene in Ghana. Although it has been proven that children’s faeces are more likely to spread diseases than adults’ faeces, people usually mistake them for harmlessness. This study, therefore, sought to determine the prevalence and factors associated with safe disposal of children’s faeces in Ghana. Methods Data from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey was used for the analysis. A sample size of 2228 mother-child pairs were used for the study. The outcome variable was disposal of children stools. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors with safe child stool disposal. Results The prevalence of safe child stool disposal in Ghana was 24.5%. Women in the middle [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.62; Confidence Interval (CI) = 3.00–7.10], Coastal Zone [AOR = 4.52; CI = 2.82–7.22], mothers whose children were aged 12–17 [AOR = 1.56; CI = 1.15–2.13] and 18–23 months [AOR = 1.75; CI = 1.29–2.39], and mothers whose household had improved type of toilet facility [AOR = 2.04; CI = 1.53–2.73] had higher odds of practicing safe children’s faeces disposal. However, women from households with access to improved source of drinking water [AOR = 0.62; CI = 0.45–2.7] had lower odds of practicing safe children’s faeces disposal. Conclusion Approximately only about 25 out of 100 women practice safe disposal of their children’s faeces in Ghana. The age of the child, ecological zone, the type of toilet facilities, and the type of drinking water source are associated with the disposal of child faeces. These findings have proven that only improved sanitation (i.e. drinking water and toilet facilities) are not enough for women to safely dispose of their children’s faeces. Therefore, in addition to provision of toilet facilities especially in the northern zone of Ghana, there is also the need to motivate and educate mothers on safe disposal of children’s stools especially those with children below 12 months. More so, mothers without access to improved toilet facility should also be educated on the appropriate ways to bury their children’s stools safely.

Divergent responses of diverse microalgae commonly found in drinking water source water to UV-C treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Roszell ◽  
Po-Shun Chan ◽  
Brian Petri ◽  
Ted Mao ◽  
Kathleen Nolan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Uv C

Double-endpoint Genotoxicity Quantification and PAHs Characterization of Drinking Water Source alongside Polluted Yinghe River with High Tumor Mortality

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-198
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Chen Guo ◽  
Xiao-li Wang ◽  
Zhan-lu Lv ◽  
Lin Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source
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