Effectiveness of combined upflow roughing filter and upflow slow sand filter to reduce turbidity in Citarum water as a source of drinking water

Turbidity of Citarum River was high, fluctuating and used as drinking water source by people and PDAM (Regional Drinking Water Company). The aim of this study was to determine the ability of upflow roughing filter (URF) and upflow slow sand filter (USSF) in reducing turbidity. It was called multistage filtration (MSF). MSF was varied with and without settler. Gravel diameters and perviousness as follows: 0.5 cm was 0.243, 1 cm: 0.264, 2 cm: 0.265, 5 cm: 0.302 or just 24 - 30% of total URF’s volume. When settler was run with surface loading 0.5 m3/m2/hour, flowrate 0.67 l/minute, turbidity 321.16 - 3,496.53 NTU, efficiency was 57.9 - 96.2%. Settler reduced turbidity significantly. URF1 enhanced turbidity removal. However, URF2, URF3, USSF were not effective. In experiment without settler, turbidity was 130.78 - 533.00 NTU but its reduction in URF1 was bad. But in URF2 turbidity was almost the same as in experiment with settler. Efficiency was 41.9 - 89.1%. Here URF1 and URF2’s function were almost the same as settler and URF1. URF3 was ineffective, can be removed. USSF was still needed even though only able to reach 10-25 NTU. URF and USSF contributed to higher efficiency of turbidity removal.

The Impact of Surface Drug Distribution on the Acoustic Behavior of DOX-Loaded Microbubbles

Previous studies have reported substantial improvement of microbubble (MB)-mediated drug delivery with ultrasound when drugs are loaded onto the MB shell compared with a physical mixture. However, drug loading may affect shell properties that determine the acoustic responsiveness of MBs, producing unpredictable outcomes. The aim of this study is to reveal how the surface loaded drug (doxorubicin, DOX) affects the acoustic properties of MBs. A suitable formulation of MBs for DOX loading was first identified by regulating the proportion of two lipid materials (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-glycerol sodium salt (DSPG)) with distinct electrostatic properties. We found that the DOX loading capacity of MBs was determined by the proportion of DSPG, since there was an electrostatic interaction with DOX. The DOX payload reduced the lipid fluidity of MBs, although this effect was dependent on the spatial uniformity of DOX on the MB shell surface. Loading DOX onto MBs enhanced acoustic stability 1.5-fold, decreased the resonance frequency from 12–14 MHz to 5–7 MHz, and reduced stable cavitation dose by 1.5-fold, but did not affect the stable cavitation threshold (300 kPa). Our study demonstrated that the DOX reduces lipid fluidity and decreases the elasticity of the MB shell, thereby influencing the acoustic properties of MBs.

Vertical Deformation and Residual Altimeter Systematic Errors around Continental Australia Inferred from a Kalman-Based Approach

We further developed a space-time Kalman approach to estimate time-variable signals in residual altimeter systematic errors and vertical land motion (VLM) around the Australian coast since the 1990s, through combining multi-mission absolute sea-level (ASL), relative sea-level (RSL) from tide gauges (TGs) and GPS heights records. Our results confirmed continent-wide subsidence and TG-specific VLMs yielding a ~40% reduction in RMSE of geographical ASL variability, compared with rates determined using spatially interpolated GPS velocities that fail to capture localized trends by up to ~1.5 mm/yr. Stacked time series of non-linear deformation at TGs and nearby GPS showed some correlation, suggesting the technique was partially successful in reflecting the surface loading. Site-by-site inspection revealed spurious non-linearity likely caused by residual oceanographic signals present between the TG and altimeter measurement locations. Our average mission-specific error estimates are small but significant, typically within ~±0.5-1.0 mm/yr, with negligible effect implied on the overall rate of ASL. Analysis of the time variability of altimeter errors confirmed stability for most missions except for Jason-2 with an anomaly reaching ~2.8 mm/yr in the first ~3.5 years of operation which is supported by analysis from the Bass Strait altimeter validation facility. Weak correlation with the dominant climate mode suggests potential deficiencies in the resolution of the time-variable gravity field used for orbit determination as a possible cause, yet other drivers cannot be discounted. Our approach advances the ability to estimate TG-specific VLMs and regional altimeter systematic errors, and highlights that residual oceanographic signals remain a fundamental limitation to such techniques.

Stress Evaluation in the Blank Critical Region During Extrusion of the Pipe Blank into the Hole

The study assessed the stress state of the pipe blank in the process of extrusion into the hole. A finite element formulation of the research problem with the setting of boundary conditions in displacements and surface loading conditions is presented. The calculation of the workpiece was carried out in an elastic formulation using the Nastran engineering analysis application. The assessment of the stress state in the critical region is presented in two approximations with a thickening of the grid in the stress focus area. Based on the results of the distribution of equivalent stresses, an assessment of the unevenness of the stressed state of the workpiece was carried out. The presented study is important because it allows us to predict the appearance of defects in the process of forming a pipe billet during extrusion into a hole, to evaluate the power loading mode.

Effectiveness of combined up-flow roughing filter and up-flow slow sand filter to reduce turbidity in Citarum water as a source of drinking water

The turbidity of the Citarum River was high, fluctuating, and used as a drinking water source by PDAM (Regional Drinking Water Company). This study aimed to determine the ability of a combined up-flow roughing filter (URF) and an up-flow slow sand filter (USSF) in reducing turbidity, called multistage filtration (MSF). MSF was varied with and without settlers. Gravel diameters and perviousness: 0.5 cm was 0.243, 1 cm: 0.264, 2 cm: 0.265, 5 cm: 0.302 or 24-30% of URF’s volume. When settler was run with surface loading 0.5 m3/m2/hour, flowrate 0.67 l/minute, turbidity 321.16-3,496.53 NTU, the efficiency was 57.9-96.2%. Settler reduced turbidity significantly. URF1 enhanced turbidity removal. However, URF2, URF3, USSF were not effective. In an experiment without a settler, turbidity 130.78-533.00 NTU, but its reduction in URF1 was bad. In URF2 turbidity was almost the same as in the experiment with the settler. Efficiency was 41.9-89.1%. Here URF1 and URF2’s functions were almost the same as settler and URF1. URF3 was ineffective, can be removed. USSF was needed even though only able to reach 10-25 NTU. URF and USSF contributed to the higher efficiency of turbidity removal.

Essential oils encapsulation performance evaluation: A review on encapsulation parameters

Application of essential oils (EOs) in food preservation and products is not a virgin trend owing to its bio-functional properties such as antioxidants, antimicrobials, medicinal values, and aromatic functionalities. However, EOs are prone to degrade upon exposure to different environmental surroundings, eventually losing their bio-functional activities and limits their potential applications. Hence, encapsulation process is introduced to overcome this issue. In order, to evaluate encapsulation process, there are several key indicators, known as encapsulation parameters, that reflects the performance of encapsulation process and quality of encapsulation products (encapsulates) namely encapsulation efficiency, encapsulation yield, payload/loading capacity, and surface loading. Since some terms are used interchangeably across literatures, problems arise when it comes to compare these parameters among published works as there is no specific guideline or specific term to classify these parameters. Therefore, this paper aims to help researchers understand an insight of the definition of encapsulation parameters used in evaluating performance of encapsulation process and encapsulation products of EOs. Commonly used evaluation techniques as well as some recommendations for considerations are also highlighted. Different calculation formulae used in evaluating encapsulation performance would have significant difference to the encapsulation parameters values.

Calculation of the tense-deformed state of two ortogonal attended plates at the regional terms of symmetry through the matrices of Grina type

Purpose. Calculate the tense-deformed state of two ortogonal attended plates through special the built matrices of Grina type. Research methods. Bases of theory of laminas, apparatus of trigonometric rows of Fourier, methods: border-component tasks, variation of arbitrary permanent, matrices of Grina type. Results. A task of elastic elastic equilibrium of plate pairs connected at right angle was considered. On parallel edges of component body to connection rib special edge conditions – conditions of symmetry – were chosen. From the physical point of view the probed body can be the model of lateral walls of parallelepiped. It is provided the special terms of symmetry on both edges of component body, which are parallel to the rib of connection of plates. The method of calculation allows to calculate the tense-deformed state of spatial construction consisting of two plates in edge conditions of arbitrary surface loading. The results of calculation (as lines of level) of basic characteristics of static deformation of considered rectangular connection of two plates are given. Scientific novelty. The method of calculation of pair of plates, united at right angles was improved at the regional terms of symmetry, with subsequent graphic illustration of achived results. Practical value. The task probed in-process designs the phenomena which take place, at deformation of elements of vulcanization equipment. Achived results allow to find pequliarities of elements work of construction of complext structure and to promote its efficiency by optimization of component parameters parts.