scholarly journals TRAIL - An Experimental Trace and Residue Reference Library for the functional analysis of stone tools in Liège

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veerle Rots
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Reference Library ◽  
Site Function ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Experimental Reference

The document presents the experimental reference library for wear traces and residues on stone tools that has been created at TraceoLab, University of Liège, Belgium. This collection has been named TRAIL (“Traces In Liège”) and intends to provide a route (a trail) towards improved understanding of archaeological wear traces and residues. Through that means, it aims to contribute to an improved understanding of prehistoric stone tools, technologies, site function and past human behaviour. TRAIL has been gradually build up since the creation of TraceoLab in 2012. Since only part of the collection has been integrated in publications up to now, general details are included here on how the reference library is composed. This document serves as a basis to understand the composition of TRAIL and to gain insight in which publications of TraceoLab members contain what parts of the TRAIL reference library. This document will be gradually expanded upon as experiments proceed.

General Characteristics of the Motion of Multiple-Pode Joints

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Lee ◽  
E. Akbil
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Displacement Analysis ◽  
General Displacement ◽  
Motion Parameters ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Motion Characteristics ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Output Equation

This paper presents an analytical method on the investigation of the motion characteristics of a class of spatial mechanical components involving the ball-and-trunnion type of joint, namely, the multiple-pode joint. Algebraic derivations of the input-output equation and explicit relations for motion parameters are presented for these joints as well as their shaft couplings. From this general displacement analysis, some insights into the basic nature and behavior of the multiple-pode joint are observed and interpreted. The creation of shaft couplings using these joints and their functional analysis are also illustrated in several cases.

scholarly journals Functional analysis of sandstone ground stone tools: arguments for a qualitative and quantitative synergetic approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Zupancich ◽  
Emanuela Cristiani
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Ground Stone ◽  
Use Wear ◽  
Surface Measurements ◽  
Quantitative Analyses

Abstract In the last few years, the application of quantitative methods in the field of use wear analysis has grown considerably, involving the use of different techniques. A development in surface measurements approaches has become necessary as standard assessments based upon qualitative functional analysis are often affected by a degree of subjectivity and a limited reproducibility. To advance the current methodological debate on functional analysis of ground stone technology, we present a combined methodological approach, including qualitative and quantitative analyses, applied to the study of experimental sandstone ground stone tools. We test surface quantification at a macro and micro-scale, paired with the observation and description of residue and use wear connected to the processing of plant, animal and mineral matters. Our results provide an exhaustive quantitative dataset concerning surface modifications associated with different uses and suggest an analytical workflow for the functional analysis of both experimental and archaeological ground stone assemblages. We also highlight the limitation and pitfalls of an exclusive adoption of quantitative methods in the study of ancient tool use demonstrating how a synergetic approach can enhance the quality, reproducibility and comparability of functional data.

A Functional Analysis of Certain Chipped Stone Tools

1968 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
George C. Frison
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Late Prehistoric Period

AbstractA Late Prehistoric period buffalo kill and butchering site in northern Wyoming (Site 48 JO 312) produced a large number of stone tools. Flakes removed in sharpening stone tools provided much of the interpretation of the activity that occurred at the site and in addition gave a number of ideas concerning tool use and sharpening.

Functional Analysis of Stone Tools: A Cautionary Note on the Role of Animal Fats

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Brose
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Functional Site ◽  
Cautionary Note ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Use Factors

Recent studies have suggested that variations in areal distributions of utilized and non-utilized lithic materials can aid in the delineation of functional site areas. Microscopic analyses of experimentally produced and utilized flakes suggest that due to an accumulation of animal fats along the working edge significant numbers of utilized flakes may not display wear indicating use. Factors of lithology and variations in butchering technique are considered and implications for areal patterns explored.

Recent Developments in Israel Criminal Law

1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-193
Author(s):  
Dan Bein
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
The Past ◽  
Actual Fact ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
Ebb And Flow

Criminal liability, in the widest sense has its periods of ebb and flow; thus for a certain length of time it may extend over a greater field of human behaviour and then may withdraw and permit forms of conduct formerly regarded as criminal to be no longer so regarded.Looking at recent developments in Israeli substantive criminal law it appears that we are now in a period of “flow”, which finds its expression in various forms, namely:1) The adoption by the courts of less strict canons of interpretation of criminal legislation;2) The application of general doctrines, especially those of attempt, conspiracy and complicity more widely than before;3) The narrowing down of certain defences;4) The creation of new offences or the amending of existing offences with a view to covering modes of conduct which have not, in the past, been subject to criminal law.5) The broadening of the spatial (or territorial) application of the criminal law. This is generally expressed in Israel—according to English tradition—in terms of the jurisdiction of the courts, but in actual fact it is not a procedural matter but relates to the question of the breadth of the criminal law itself.

scholarly journals Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Surface Alterations of Stone Tools Made of Raw Materials from the Carpathian Basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Antony Borel ◽  
Raphaël Deltombe ◽  
Julie Marteau ◽  
Philippe Moreau ◽  
Maxence Bigerelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Reference Collection ◽  
Surface Measurements ◽  
Alteration Processes ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Identification And Characterization ◽  
Experimental Reference

Wear analysis performed on archaeological stone tools from prehistory aims at characterizing their surface alterations in order to determine their functions and describe past human technical behaviors. However, the reliability and repeatability of the method is questioned and there is a major difficulty facing scientists analyzing wear, which is related to proposing quantified and repeatable analyses and interpretations of taphonomic and anthropogenic (related to manufacture and use) evidence. We propose the creation of an experimental reference collection of surface alterations focused primarily on selected stone types commonly found at Hungarian archaeological sites. This collection will allow the characterization of the topographic signatures of manufacture, use, and taphonomic processes. The qualitative (through observation using optical microscopy) and quantitative (through surface measurements using confocal microscopy) analyses will aim at examining: 1) the variability of surface alterations, 2) protocols that can allow the identification and characterization of surface topographic signatures, and 3) the appropriate metrological setups that will allow for each of the alteration processes to be differentiated. We present here the results of the preliminary experiments, which involved flakes for bone and reed processing made of six different raw materials. It has been confirmed that evidence of use can be identified on each one of them. Beyond the presentation of the first images from the reference collection, we briefly present the future phases of the project.

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