scholarly journals The additive advantage of having educated grandfathers for children’s education: evidence from a cross-national sample in Europe

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Sheppard ◽  
Christiaan Willem Simon Monden
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Intergenerational Processes ◽  
Cross National

Until recently, research on intergenerational processes of social mobility has focused on two generational processes and paid little attention to the role of the grand-parental generation. An increasing number of studies have started to address this shortfall, but they report inconsistent findings. This may be due to design and measurement differences across studies and to substantive heterogeneity in the association. We use data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to explore these two issues. First, as we have information on all four grandparents, and both parents, we were able to evaluate the different ways to model grandparental associations. We found that including information on both grandfathers provided the best fit, once controlling for parental education. Second, we investigated the moderating effects of parental education, family size, and the grandparents’ being alive during the grandchild’s early life and school years. Having higher educated grandfathers is associated with higher educational outcomes for grandchildren, net of parental education and wealth. Moreover, having two highly educated grandfathers shows a stronger association than just one. We found no evidence for moderating effects of family size, parental education or generational overlap.

scholarly journals Association between Hippocampal Volume and Working Memory in 10,000+ 9–10-Year-Old Children: Sex Differences

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Shanika Boyce ◽  
Tanja Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Predictor Variable ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Right

Aim: This study tested sex differences in the association between hippocampal volume and working memory of a national sample of 9–10-year-old children in the US. As the hippocampus is functionally lateralized (especially in task-related activities), we explored the results for the right and the left hippocampus. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study data. This analysis included baseline ABCD data (n = 10,093) of children between ages 9 and 10 years. The predictor variable was right and left hippocampal volume measured by structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). The primary outcome, list sorting working memory, was measured using the NIH toolbox measure. Sex was the moderator. Age, race, ethnicity, household income, parental education, and family structure were the covariates. Results: In the overall sample, larger right (b = 0.0013; p < 0.001) and left (b = 0.0013; p < 0.001) hippocampal volumes were associated with higher children’s working memory. Sex had statistically significant interactions with the right (b = −0.0018; p = 0.001) and left (b = −0.0012; p = 0.022) hippocampal volumes on children’s working memory. These interactions indicated stronger positive associations between right and left hippocampal volume and working memory for females compared to males. Conclusion: While right and left hippocampal volumes are determinants of children’s list sorting working memory, these effects seem to be more salient for female than male children. Research is needed on the role of socialization, sex hormones, and brain functional connectivity as potential mechanisms that may explain the observed sex differences in the role of hippocampal volume as a correlate of working memory.

Compensatory advantage in educational transitions

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Bernardi ◽  
Moris Triventi
Keyword(s):  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Educational Transitions ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
Transition From High School ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Simulated Scenario

In this article, first, we present new evidence on a specific type of compensatory advantage (CA) mechanism in educational transitions and attainment, whereby students from socio-economically advantaged families compensate the negative event of achieving poor grades by ignoring them and disproportionally moving on to the next level of education. Using two independent data sources, we focus on the attainment of an upper secondary degree and the transition from high school to university in Italy, investigating the role of parental education and social class in compensating for an early poor academic performance. Second, we develop a simulated scenario analysis to assess how much of the observed social background inequality is due to the educational outcomes of poorly performing students from high social backgrounds. The results are consistent with the notion that a CA mechanism is in place and show that the advantage of individuals with higher backgrounds over those from lower backgrounds is much larger among students with bad marks in earlier school stages. We estimate that at least one-third of the observed social background inequality in educational transitions in Italy can be attributed to the CA mechanism. This result is consistent across different outcomes, samples and birth cohorts, and is robust to a number of sensitivity checks.

Corruption and the Disparty in Levels of Political Support by Winners and Losers

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Herreros ◽  
Henar Criado
Keyword(s):  
Political Corruption ◽  
National Sample ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Base De Données ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cross National

Abstract.Recent analyses of the determinants of levels of political support have stressed the role of institutions in producing the disparity in support by the winners and losers of an election. The authors claim that it is not only the countries' institutional structures that matter in determining this disparity but also how the institutions work. Specifically, they claim that the disparity between winners and losers is greater in countries with a high level of political corruption. They test this hypothesis in a cross-national sample from the European Social Survey Database.Résumé.Des analyses récentes des déterminants de l'appui politique ont souligné le rôle des institutions dans la dynamique de l'écart entre l'appui politique accordé aux vainqueurs et aux perdants d'une élection. Les auteurs avancent que la structure institutionelle du pays n'est pas l'unique variable d'importance pour expliquer l'écart entre vainqueurs et perdants, mais que le fonctionnement des institutions est aussi un facteur déterminant. Ils soutiennent plus précisément que l'écart entre vainqueurs et perdants sera plus grand dans les pays où la corruption est fortement ancrée dans les milieux politiques. Ils vérifient leur hypothèse à l'aide d'un échantillon de la base de données de l'enquête sociale européenne (European Social Survey).

Working and Learning: The Role of Involvement for Employed Students

NASPA Journal ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Lundberg
Keyword(s):  
National Sample

Using a national sample of 3,774 undergraduates, thisstudy investigated the effect of involvement in the collegeexperience on learning for students who were employed offcampus. Students employed more than 20 hours per weekoff campus engaged with faculty and peers less frequentlythan other students on all variables except discussingideas with others. Students who worked 20 hours or lessreported similar levels of engagement as did their non-working peers. Despite less involvement with faculty andpeers, there were no differences in learning based on off-campus employment.

scholarly journals Typhoon eye effect versus ripple effect: the role of family size on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tooba Lateef ◽  
Jiyao Chen ◽  
Muhammad Tahir ◽  
Teba Abdul Lateef ◽  
Bryan Z. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Ripple Effect ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Populous Country

Abstract Background The recent outbreak of COVID-19 has impacted adversely upon the mental health of millions of people worldwide. Impacts on the mental health conditions and the associated predictors relating to adults in Pakistan, the fifth most populous country in the world, during the COVID-19 remain understudied. Our aim was to investigate distress, anxiety, and overall mental health and their associated predictors among Pakistani adults in this pandemic. We specifically examine mental health issues based on the distance from the epicenter, (a predictor that has revealed opposing evidence in other countries) based on the theories of typhoon eye effect and ripple effect. The sample consisted of 601 adults who were surveyed online about 2.5 months into the outbreak across Pakistan with varying distances from the epicenter of COVID-19 of Karachi. Results The results showed that 9.2 and 19.0% of the participants surpassed the cut-off criteria for distress and anxiety disorders, respectively. Overall, the distance from the epicenter positively predicted the mental health of adults in Pakistan, and family size negatively moderated this effect. The distance from the epicenter negatively predicted distress and anxiety disorders for adults in large families, which are quite common in Pakistan. Conclusion The evidence of the study interestingly finds that the prediction of the mental health of people by their distance from the epicenter depends on family size. The evidence of this study can help to provide initial indicators for mental health care providers to screen vulnerable groups in Pakistan, a populous country that continues struggling to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Sounds without borders: Exploring the cross-national expansion of commercial European Radio Groups

2021 ◽  
pp. 026732312110121
Author(s):  
Montse Bonet ◽  
David Fernández-Quijada
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Industries ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
National Market ◽  
The Cross ◽  
National Champions ◽  
Cross National ◽  
Expansion Strategies

This article aims to study how private European radio is becoming commercially international through the expansion of radio brands beyond their national market. It is the first ever analysis of the expansion strategies of radio groups across Europe, including their footprint in each market in which they operate, from the political economy of cultural industries. The article maps the main radio groups in Europe, analyses cross-national champions in depth and establishes three main types. This study shows that, thanks to the possibilities of a deregulated market, strengthening the role of the brand and the format, and the agreements with other groups, broadcasting radio has overcome the obstacles that, historically, hindered its cross-border expansion.

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