scholarly journals Genetic code as an image of the mirror image. Supplement 1

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloje M. Rakočević
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
Binary Tree ◽  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Binary Sequence ◽  
Number System ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Chemical Similarity ◽  
Decimal Number

Searching for the answer to the question why – in the generating of the genetic code – only mirror symmetrical left and not right amino acids (AAs) were selected, in a previous work we showed the existence of a double Boolean "triangle" in mirror symmetry, with superposition of the top vertices: 00 -11-22 / 22-11-00 → 00-11-22-11-00 [0 as 000; 1 as 001; 2 as 010] (Rakočević, 2019a). The resulting sequence, summed with the binary sequence of a 6-bit binary tree, split with a mirror in the middle (101/010) [as in Dirac's positron / electron mirror], results in a sequence of decimal number system: 02-13-24-16-05, where a smaller number (010 = 2) was added three times and a larger number (101 = 5) twice (Survey 1). The mirror image of the obtained decimal sequence (20-31-42-61-50) is 100% consistent with the arrangement of protein AAs, arranged according to strict chemical similarity (Rakočević, 2019a, Table 3). Starting from this result, the paper of which this is a supplement, presents new insights and new examples of mirror symmetry valid for the genetic code, showing that mirror symmetry is also in other respects an essential feature of the genetic code. In this Supplement are given the further new insights.

scholarly journals Genetic code as an image of the mirror image. Part I

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloje M. Rakočević
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Chemical Similarity ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Image Part

The paper starts from the established facts about a system consisting of 20 protein amino acids (AAs), arranged according to a hierarchy of chemical similarity (Rakočević, 2019). There, it was shown that the number of atoms in the side chains of AAs given in the arrangement of 5 x 4 is such that it represents a mirror image in a specific way generated sequence of numbers: 02, 13, 24, 16, 05 (20, 31, 42, 61, 50 ). Further in the paper new insights have been preseted to show that mirror symmetry is in many respects an essential feature of the genetic code.

scholarly journals Genetic code research: a precognition result (II)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloje M. Rakočević
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Number System ◽  
Multiplication Table ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decimal Number ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

In this second part of the short communication (Ref. 2), we give an argument more in favor of the validity of the precognition status of the final result of my 40 years of genetic code researches. It is shown that the changes in the number of atoms in the system-arrangements of protein amino acids, in relation to the Gaussian number (51) and the Dürer number (34 and 68, respectively), correspond to the changes in the products of number 5 in the Multiplication Table of the decimal number system. On the other hand, with the same changes (in the products of number 5), two unconscious narrations, said in the first part of this communication, correspond one hundred percent.

scholarly journals Genetic code as an image of the mirror image. Supplement 2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloje M. Rakočević
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Code ◽  
Binary Tree ◽  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
Prebiotic Chemical ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Chemical Code

In this (second) Supplement are given the further new insights on mirror symmetry within Genetic Code (GC). The main result is the correspondence of the binary tree of GC and the Standard GC Table in such a way that it follows that it makes no sense to talk about the evolution of GC from the aspect of test tube chemistry (of performing chemical reactions in nature and/or laboratory), but only makes sense to talk about prebiotic chemical evolution of GC in a manner analogous to the evolution of the chemical code i.e. Periodic system of chemical elements. Taken together, an even more important conclusion is that all the physical and chemical laws we know represent immediate causality, while in the case of GC on the scene is an indirect causality, realized through multiple mirror symmetry.

scholarly journals System-directed pairing of protein amino acids. Part II

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloje M. Rakočević
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
Chemical Similarity ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

In this second part of the paper, the pairs of protein amino acids (AAs), canonical in the genetic code (GC) in the three system-arrangements (OS, DS and AS), presented in the first part, are compared with the Table of chemical similarity of AAs (Table 1 in Part I). The obtained results are such that it makes sense to speak about an ORiginal CHEmical STandard (Orchest), valid not only for amino acids but for life complete.

scholarly journals Developing Number Sense: An Approach to Initiate Algebraic Thinking in Primary Education

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 518
Author(s):  
Natividad Adamuz-Povedano ◽  
Elvira Fernández-Ahumada ◽  
M. Teresa García-Pérez ◽  
Jesús Montejo-Gámez
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Number Sense ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Number System ◽  
Algebraic Thinking ◽  
First Year ◽  
Symbolic Language ◽  
Decimal Number ◽  
Language Characteristic ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

Traditionally, the teaching and learning of algebra has been addressed at the beginning of secondary education with a methodological approach that broke traumatically into a mathematical universe until now represented by numbers, with bad consequences. It is important, then, to find methodological alternatives that allow the parallel development of arithmetical and algebraic thinking from the first years of learning. This article begins with a review of a series of theoretical foundations that support a methodological proposal based on the use of specific manipulative materials that foster a deep knowledge of the decimal number system, while verbalizing and representing quantitative situations that underline numerical relationships and properties and patterns of numbers. Developing and illustrating this approach is the main purpose of this paper. The proposal has been implemented in a group of 25 pupils in the first year of primary school. Some observed milestones are presented and analyzed. In the light of the results, this well-planned early intervention contains key elements to initiate algebraic thinking through the development of number sense, naturally enhancing the translation of purely arithmetical situations into the symbolic language characteristic of algebraic thinking.

A 68-codon genetic code to incorporate four distinct non-canonical amino acids enabled by automated orthogonal mRNA design

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Dunkelmann ◽  
Sebastian B. Oehm ◽  
Adam T. Beattie ◽  
Jason W. Chin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
Mrna Design

scholarly journals Transferability of N-terminal mutations of pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase in one species to that in another species on unnatural amino acid incorporation efficiency

Amino Acids ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Williams ◽  
Debra J. Iskandar ◽  
Alexander R. Nödling ◽  
Yurong Tan ◽  
Louis Y. P. Luk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
Unnatural Amino Acids ◽  
Trna Synthetase ◽  
Unnatural Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Incorporation ◽  
Acid Incorporation ◽  
Genetic Code Expansion ◽  
Incorporation Efficiency

AbstractGenetic code expansion is a powerful technique for site-specific incorporation of an unnatural amino acid into a protein of interest. This technique relies on an orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair and has enabled incorporation of over 100 different unnatural amino acids into ribosomally synthesized proteins in cells. Pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) and its cognate tRNA from Methanosarcina species are arguably the most widely used orthogonal pair. Here, we investigated whether beneficial effect in unnatural amino acid incorporation caused by N-terminal mutations in PylRS of one species is transferable to PylRS of another species. It was shown that conserved mutations on the N-terminal domain of MmPylRS improved the unnatural amino acid incorporation efficiency up to five folds. As MbPylRS shares high sequence identity to MmPylRS, and the two homologs are often used interchangeably, we examined incorporation of five unnatural amino acids by four MbPylRS variants at two temperatures. Our results indicate that the beneficial N-terminal mutations in MmPylRS did not improve unnatural amino acid incorporation efficiency by MbPylRS. Knowledge from this work contributes to our understanding of PylRS homologs which are needed to improve the technique of genetic code expansion in the future.

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