Metaphorical truth and neopragmatic realism of Richard Rorty

The subject of this research is the examination of neopragmatic realism of Richard Rorty through the prism of the concept of metaphorical truth of Paul Ricoeur. The key goal lies in the attempt to fill the “black box of reality” in the philosophy of R. Rorty with the methodological instruments derived from the concept of metaphorical truth of P. Ricoeur. Having dedicated certain time to describing the core ideas of R. Rorty, the author analyzed the methodology of P. Ricoeur regarding the problem of reality and the cognitive opacity of language characteristic to the system of the American philosopher. The author seeks to determine the common and contradictory aspects in methodology of both philosophers for the purpose of conducting the substitution of the elements of Rorty’s philosophy that is organic for the entire logical construct, concluding on the cognitive opacity of language and elements of Ricoeur’s thoughts that lead to backward reasoning. The crucial element is the idea of “physis” borrowed by Ricoeur from Aristotle for ontological substantiation of the concept of metaphorical reality. Namely this idea that becomes the key to recoding of the philosophical system of R. Rorty to what can be called full realism in the philosophical sense. As a result of application of the idea of “physis” to Rorty's philosophy, the author finds the way to saturate the concept of reality with certain ontological content; however, this content is not susceptible to structural description, and thus does not allow solving the problem of cognitive opacity of language characteristic to Rorty's philosophy. Nevertheless, the application of P. Ricoeur’s concept of metaphorical truth to the philosophical system of R. Rorty in the context of ontological problem of accessing reality is the original tactic of reasoning that has not been previously implemented within the scientific and philosophical circles. Although one of the advanced hypothesis that suggests the possibility of substantiation of the cognitive opacity of language was being refuted, the concept of P. Ricoeur allowed saturating the concept of reality of the American philosopher with the ontological content.

Developing Number Sense: An Approach to Initiate Algebraic Thinking in Primary Education

Traditionally, the teaching and learning of algebra has been addressed at the beginning of secondary education with a methodological approach that broke traumatically into a mathematical universe until now represented by numbers, with bad consequences. It is important, then, to find methodological alternatives that allow the parallel development of arithmetical and algebraic thinking from the first years of learning. This article begins with a review of a series of theoretical foundations that support a methodological proposal based on the use of specific manipulative materials that foster a deep knowledge of the decimal number system, while verbalizing and representing quantitative situations that underline numerical relationships and properties and patterns of numbers. Developing and illustrating this approach is the main purpose of this paper. The proposal has been implemented in a group of 25 pupils in the first year of primary school. Some observed milestones are presented and analyzed. In the light of the results, this well-planned early intervention contains key elements to initiate algebraic thinking through the development of number sense, naturally enhancing the translation of purely arithmetical situations into the symbolic language characteristic of algebraic thinking.

The Fate of the Epistolary Heritage of the Veliky Ustyug Merchant Family Buldakovs of the Late 18th – the First Quarter of the 19th Century

The article presents the history of the epistolary heritage of the Buldakov merchant family. The object of the research is letters of M. M. Buldakov, a representative of the Veliky Ustyug merchants, the leading director of the Russian-American company. These documents contain valuable information on the history of Russian merchants in the last quarter of the 18th – first third of the 19th century and the activities of the Russian-American company. Similar to all sources of epistolary genre, their distinctive feature is that they were created without additional edits and censorship and thereby recorded historical reality at first hand, while retaining the style and language characteristic of the period. The main problem faced by historians is patchy location of M. M. Buldakov’s letters. Currently, only a part of them, stored in the Vologda State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve, has been published and introduced into scientific use. The documents scattered across other archives are yet to be identified and examined. The purpose of this study is to determine the true volume of the Buldakovs' epistolary heritage, to understand the reasons for its fragmentation, and to trace the movement of documents from one owner to another. This is the first attempt to restore the path of epistolaries from the pre-revolutionary family archive to modern archives, which determines the scientific novelty of the work. The methodological basis of the research is principles of historicism, consistency, and objectivity. This makes it possible to consolidate the scattered information and facts testifying to the movement of M. M. Buldakov’s papers. The analytical and synthetic method of comparing data provides an opportunity to see the general picture of letters location, while concrete-historical method allows us to describe the facts in historical sequence. We managed to identify three large collections of letters: in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire of the Historical and Documentary Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in the Vologda State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve. The results of this study provide a unified picture of the epistolaries location in different archives, which, in turn, provides an opportunity for historians and archivists to continue their work on identifying and introducing into scientific use of documents necessary for further study of the history of Russian merchants and the Russian-American company activities.

Categories of the general, special and individual in criminal law: semantic analysis

The subject of this research is the patterns of interaction between the categories of subjective dialectics and the fundamental concepts of the Russian criminal law. Criminal Law relies on the language structures, thus the article is dedicated to the linguistic aspects of the categories of general, special and individual. Certain attention is given to the analytical philosophy and analytical jurisprudence. The linguistic turn in gnoseology and epistemology of the middle of the XX century pointed out the linguistic aspects of various texts and justified the need for its research, since language and communication comprise the framework of human interaction, as well as determine the content and development of social relations. A substantial number of research, including on criminal law, are dedicated to the language of law and legislative linguistic systematics. The article explores the lexical meaning of the words “general”, “individual”, “particular” "separate", “separate”, “isolate”, “generalize”, and reveals their content from the perspective of etymology, word formation, and synonymy. Emphasis is also placed on the meaning of target terms in the social sphere. The question on the categories of dialectics in criminal law is raised very rarely; the indicated categories of the general, special and individual are virtually unstudied. Through the prism of linguistics, these categories cannot always be distinguished from each other, but rather overlap in content. Therefore, a single semantic characteristic is insufficient for determining their legal aspects, i.e. manifestations in the sphere of jurisprudence; it can only be considered as a stage of research. Semantic aspects of the categories set benchmarks for clarification of their philosophical and special scientific content, interpret possible variants of linguistic usage, and define its boundaries. Language characteristic helps to determine the research scope, in other words, demarcate it from the cognate concepts and terms at the initial stage of research. In the process of interpretation of criminal law, the leading methods are lexical and systemic, which allows most accurately grasp the essence of legal instructions.

On the Translatability of MoYan’s Novels and the C-E Translation

Literature works of supranational or international significance must have considerable “translatability” internally. Mo Yan’s works show obvious world characteristics in the theme and techniques of creation, which constitute the internal “translatability” of his works. This paper discusses the translatability of Mo Yan’s novels from four aspects: the theme, the structure, the image and the language of the novels, and then analyzes the translatability of the theme reflected in the English translation. The paper finds that, the translatability in the theme of creation is embodied in its most basic and natural desires and emotions of human beings, and the universality beyond time and space, that the translatability of the novel structure is embodied in the strong story-telling feature and the obvious plot of the novel, that the translatability of the image is embodied in its clear and common reference of the images, and that the translatability of the language is embodied in the language characteristic of story-telling, and the less profound and obscure language expressions. This paper also takes the English versions of Red Sorghum and Big Breasts & Wide Hips translated by Howard Goldblatt as examples to analyze in detail the embodiment of translatability in the theme of the novel. It is found out that due to the translatability in the theme of the original novels, the English translation greatly represent the themes expressing humanity, free life and religion.

Ways to optimize the risk communication between specialists on radiation safety and population: recommendations on communication language

The article discusses the features inherent in the language of communication of specialists in radiation safety among themselves and with the public. Despite the confidence expressed by the population to specialists, their communication is difficult not only for organizational reasons, but also for their languages of communication. The population best understands the language not of the source of information on radiation safety issues (specialists), but of the transmitter of this information – journalists. It is necessary to take into account the difference in the tasks of specialists and journalists in conveying information to the population on the urgent problems of radiation safety, in particular, projects of the nuclear industry. It is shown that taking into account the peculiarities of the language characteristic of the population (or any of its groups) helps in a large degree to optimize information support for risk communication of the population on radiation safety issues. This is necessary for the development of an adequate attitude to the work of the nuclear industry. The article also considers the stages of risk- communication and the factors contributing to its optimization.

ONTOTHEOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING OF LANGUAGE IN THE WORKS BY J.G. HAMANN

Understanding of the language in the works by J.G. Hamann is considered as preceding the M. Heidegger’s philosophy of language. However, if Heidegger refuses the theological concepts and thinks the language exclusively in an ontological way, Hamann understands the language not in an ontological, but in an ontotheological way. Hamann’s apprehension of the word as both the ground of all things and the basis of human understanding is discussed. The relationship between the word of God and the word of man; speech as a “translation” of the God’s word, that sounds in the creation, into the human language; the specifics of the language situation after the fall, are discussed as the essential themes of Hamann’s philosophy of language. The historicity of human language and speech and the interrelations between language, creativity and sexuality are posed as important themes of Hamann’s controversy with the contemporary to him philosophy of the Enlightenment contesting the instrumental understanding of language characteristic of the Enlighteners and their understanding of reason as having no external preconditions, a supraindividual and supra-historical instance.

SPATIAL THINKING IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE: FROM STRUCTURAL LINGUISTICS TO POSTSTRUCTURALISM

The article analyses the spatial concepts of the nature of the human language, characteristic of linguistics and philosophy of the 20th century. On the example of the creativity of the linguist L.T. Hjelmslev, the philosophers G. Deleuze and U. Eco, it is shown that the spatial way of thinking not only about objects of reality, but also about objects of the symbolic universe of culture, the most important element of which is languages, is a necessary way of forming philosophical ideas about existing meanings and ways of expressing them.

Pengelompokan kata berdasarkan kemiripan ucapan pada kamus menggunakan algoritma metaphone pada sistem operasi Android

Indonesia is an archipelagic country consisting of various tribes and cultures and different languages. One of them is the Sumbawa language used by the people of the western part of the island of Sumbawa. Sumbawa language has 4 dialects namely Samawa, Taliwang, Jereweh, and Tongo. In Sumbawa there are also homophonic, homonim, and homograph words. Grouping words based on the similarity of speech to the Sumbawa dictionary used Metaphone algorithm on the android operating system is discussed in this study. Metaphone algorithms can be applied to multiple languages with rules that have been modified according to the desired language characteristic. Based on the results of testing the recall and precision on the new rules Metaphone algorithm can be concluded that the grouping of words based on similarity of speech in Sumbawa language can be said to be effective. The average percentage index of the recall test is 98,97% and the precision is 78,52%.

Linguistic Deviations: Characteristic of Online Language

This study presents the analysis of a small corpus of online language taken from microblog site Instagram, examining the language characteristic focusing on the linguistic deviations. As a representation of CMC, Instagram allows its user to do a free communication with another users talking about personal experience or discussing anything that matches their interest without any limitation of characters. The data used in this research was in the form of words, phrases, clauses and fragments taken from Instagram Posts’ comments. The result shows that linguistic deviations found in Instagram are non-standard capital letters, over-used of punctuations, emoji, repeating characters, laughter, abbreviations, and grammatical deviation. Online language is believed to be creative and unique and those linguistic features indicate that online language on is a combination between written and spoken communication and it has opened avenues of online language that is not accessible with “correct English”.