A quantitative framework reveals traditional laboratory growth is a highly accurate model of human oral infection

Bacterial behavior and virulence during human infection is difficult to study and largely unknown, as our vast knowledge of infection microbiology is primarily derived from studies using in vitro and animal models. Here, we characterize the physiology of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, in its native environment using 93 published metatranscriptomic datasets from periodontally healthy and diseased individuals. P. gingivalis transcripts were more abundant in samples from periodontally diseased patients but only above 0.1% relative abundance in one-third of diseased samples. During human infection, P. gingivalis highly expressed genes encoding virulence factors such as fimbriae and gingipains (proteases) and genes involved in growth and metabolism, indicating that P. gingivalis is actively growing during disease. A quantitative framework for assessing the accuracy of model systems showed that 96% of P. gingivalis genes were expressed similarly in periodontitis and in vitro midlogarithmic growth, while significantly fewer genes were expressed similarly in periodontitis and in vitro stationary phase cultures (72%) or in a murine abscess infection model (85%). This high conservation in gene expression between periodontitis and logarithmic laboratory growth is driven by overall low variance in P. gingivalis gene expression, relative to other pathogens including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Together, this study presents strong evidence for the use of simple test tube growth as the gold standard model for studying P. gingivalis biology, providing biological relevance for the thousands of laboratory experiments performed with logarithmic phase P. gingivalis. Furthermore, this work highlights the need to quantitatively assess the accuracy of model systems.

Antibacterial Effect of Essential Oils (Clove Oil, Castor Oil and Ginger Oil) Against Human Pathogenic Bacteria

Essential oils are volatile, natural, complex compounds which are produced as secondary metabolites by plants for their protection against various microorganisms as well as pests. A wide range of plants have been explored for their essential oils in the past few decades. The study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of essential oils against human pathogenic bacteria which were gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) as well as gram negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shigella sonnei). Five ml of three different oils, i.e. clove oil, castor oil, and ginger oil, were taken in a test tube so that each oil had four different concentrations. Four concentrations of (0, 25, 50 and 75) μL of oils were mixed with 1000, 975, 950 and 925 μL of DMSO respectively to make it a volume of 1ml. It was observed that clove oil was effective against the entire gram positive as well as gram negative bacteria that were used. The inhibition zone was greatest in the case of clove oil at 75 μL against P. aeruginosa (23 mm) and the smallest zone of inhibition was shown by castor oil against K. pneumoniae (12 mm). Other oils were sensitive as well as resistant to the bacteria. Hence, it is found that different oils have shown inhibitory activity towards different pathogens to a variable extent. However, clove oil was inhibitory to all the bacteria in all concentrations. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 9(4): 250-255

INDUCTIVE PARAMETRIC EDDY-CURRENT TRANSDUCER (IPEP) FOR MEASURING ELECTRICAL AND TEMPERATURE PARAMETERS OF WASTEWATER FROM BREWING PRODUCTION

The possibility of using the theory of operation of a differential inductive parametric eddy-current transducer (IPET) for measuring the electrical and temperature parameters of a sample of acidic and alkaline wastewater is investigated. The need for the development of new informative methods for measuring the physicochemical parameters of wastewater is proved, in the realization of which a promising method of purification is selected. On the basis of a differential scheme for switching on two parametric converters: with exemplary purified water and a converter in which a test tube with a sample of waste water from a brewing production is placed, a differential informative method for measuring the electrical and temperature parameters of the liquid under study is proposed, which is based on the analysis of the components of the difference signal of phase shift angles measured electrical components of the switching circuit signals. The basic relationships that describe the operation of the IPET with the sample of the controlled liquid are given. The scheme of switching on differential IPET with a liquid sample, which is placed in a glass test tube, is considered; the differential scheme provides for heating the sample during measurements to simulate the production conditions of brewing production. Universal transformation functions are given that relate the components of the IPET signals with the specific electrical conductivity χt.s. and the temperature t of the wastewater sample from brewing production, that is, the dependence of the phase difference signal Δj on the generalized parameter A and the dependence of the absolute increment in the specific electrical conductivity Δχ on the temperature t of the wastewater sample, in the investigated temperature range.

COMPARATIVE TEST OF FLAVONOIDS AND SAPONINS BETWEEN LEAVES AND FLOWERS OF KNOBS (Gomphrena globosa l.) AS ANTI-NAUSEA AND ANTIOXIDANT THERAPY IN CANCER PATIENTS UNDERGOING CHEMOTHERAPY

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world today. In 2018, there were 18.1 million new cases of cancer with a death rate of 9.6 million. Chemotherapy is one way of cancer treating. Effects of chemotherapy include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, stomatitis and myelo suppression in the form of anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Symptoms of nausea and vomiting are one of the most serious side effects. This condition can cause patient choose to stop therapy. Discontinuation of therapy has the potential to increase cancer progression. If not treated quickly, it will cause malnutrition. The knob plant (Gomhprena globosa l.) is a nutritious plant that has been used in traditional medicine. Knobs have potential as antioxidants of it flavonoids. The flavonoid and saponin compounds can accelerate the digestive system and act as an anti-nausea, making it suitable as therapy for patients with chemotherapy. This study aims to compare the flavonoid and saponin between the leaves and knob flowers which are best used as anti-nausea products. The research was conducted at the Chemical Laboratory of MAN 1 Gresik. The extraction method used in this is maceration. The steps for testing flavonoids and saponins on knob leaves and flowers can be done by pounding the leaves and knob flowers, labeling 4 test tubes, namely, F flowers for the Flavonoid test, S flowers for the Saponins test, F leaves for the Flavonoid test, S leaves for the Saponins test. Then, add 1 ml of leaf and flower extracts into test tube, add magnesium tape to the test tube labeled F leaves and F flowers, add 1 ml of concentrated HCl into the test tube labeled F, then enter 1 ml of HCl 2N on the test tube labeled S leaves and S flowers. Based on this study, can be concluded that knob leaves have higher flavonoids and saponins. Fact, knob leaves produce more yellow color. In the saponin test, the leaf had more foam than the flower. Therefore, knob leaves can be used as anti-nausea and antioxidants in cancer patients with chemotherapy.

Choice of explant, its size and method of its placement in a test tube to increase the productivity of clonal micropropagation of Fioletoviy ranniy variety

The paper is devoted to the optimization of one of the factors influencing the success of micropropagation – the choice of the optimal part of vine to take explant, size of the explant and the method of its exposure in a test tube. The studies have confirmed that the place, where micro-cutting was taken, its size and its orientation during planting can affect the speed of growth processes and the survival rate of plants. The experiment was put on the Purple Early grapevine variety. The part of vine for taking micro-cutting, best size of explant and the method of its orientation in the test tube are established.

Investigation of the molecular motor of muscle: from generating life in a test tube to myosin structure over beers

This article traces 60 years of investigation of the molecular motor of skeletal muscle from the 1940s through the 1990s. It started with the discovery that myosin interaction with actin in the presence of ATP caused shortening of threads of actin and myosin. In 1957, structures protruding from myosin filaments were seen for the first time and called “cross bridges.” A combination of techniques led to the proposal in 1969 of the “swinging-tilting cross bridge” model of contraction. In the early 1980s, a major problem arose when it was shown that a probe attached to the cross bridges did not move during contraction. A spectacular breakthrough came when it was discovered that only the cross bridge was required to support movement in an in vitro motility assay. Next it was determined that single myosin molecules caused the movement of actin filaments in 10-nm steps. The atomic structure of the cross bridge was published in 1993, and this discovery supercharged the muscle field. The cross bridge contained a globular head or motor domain that bound actin and ATP. But the most striking feature was the long tail of the cross bridge surrounded by two subunits of the myosin molecule. This structure suggested that the tail might act as a lever arm magnifying head movement. Consistent with this proposal, genetic techniques that lengthened the lever arm resulted in larger myosin steps. Thus the molecular motor of muscle operated not by the tilting of the globular head of myosin but by tilting of the lever arm generating the driving force for contraction.

Microclonal reproduction of common aspen (Populus tremula L.) genotypes in the Republic of Tatarstan

The research presents the results of an experiment on propagation of core rot-resistant aspen clones (Populus tremula L.) of diploid and triploid genotypes using microclonal propagation method and their introduction into forestry production in the Republic of Tatarstan. The expediency of using this method in the conditions of the Republic for obtaining healthy aspen planting material is proved, and the prospects of reproduction of clone No.35 with a triploid genotype are shown. The reliable difference of test tube regenerating plants of triploid forms in the height of the shoot and in the development of root systems is proved

REGENERATION OF MICRO CUTTINS WITH DIFFERENT SIZE AND ORIENTATION IN TEST TUBE

The article is devoted to the optimization of one of the factors influencing the success of micropropagation – the choice of the optimal size of the explant and the method of its expo-sure in a test tube. Many studies have con-firmed that the size of the micro cuttings and its orientation during planting can affect the speed of growth processes and the survival rate of plants. The experiment was set on the Fio-letoviy Ranniy grape variety. The best size of the micro cuttings and the method of its orien-tation in the test tube are established.

Analysis of the ratio between the plasticity of clay and the expansion capacity by changes in humidity and temperature

Clay is a cohesive material that varies in volume due to changes in humidity and temperature. Its behavior is studied with physical and geotechnical characterization of the material. The experimental analysis of the expansiveness of clays is related to plasticity, which depends on the expansive minerals it contains. The objective is to analyze the relationship between the plasticity index and the expansion capacity due to changes in humidity and temperature; various types of clay from San José de Cúcuta, Colombia, were studied. Liquid limit and plastic limit were analyzed with which the plasticity index was determined. The test tube free expansion and calcination were carried out at 1000 °C to determine the volumetric change due to humidity and temperature, respectively. The clays with plasticity index of 10% - 20% presented expansion by humidity of 5% - 10% and by calcination of 0% - 10%, which indicates low expansion; while the clay with plasticity index of 20% - 40% presented expansion by moisture of 20% - 50% and by calcination of 25% - 50%, which indicates moderately high expansion. The results show that there is a relationship between plasticity index and the expansion capacity due to changes in humidity and temperature.

Transmission of the effect of Mercurius corrosivus 30 CH on -amylase in cell free medium through water.

Background Mercurius corrosivus 30CH promoted -amylase activity in a cell free medium invitro. -amylase causes hydrolysis of starch. The activity of the enzyme is measured in terms of the amount of maltose liberated due to breakdown of starch. In a number of experimental studies it has been demonstrated that the effect of homeopathic potency would be transmitted from one plant to another through water. Here one leaf of a pair of plants was dipped in water in a beaker. The two beakers were connected by a water filled polythene tube. The effect of treatment of one plant with homeopathic potency would be observed in the directly treated plant as well as the connected plant. Two groups of toads were kept in water in two different containers. The two containers were connected by a water filled polythene tube. The effect of treatment of one group of toads with homeopathic potency would be observed in both the directly treated group as well as the connected group. Objectives The purpose of the present study is to see whether the effect of Mercurius corrosivus 30 CH on -amylase in one test tube would be transmitted to another test tube connected with the former by water filled capillary tube. Methods Mercurius corrosivus 30 CH was diluted with distilled water (1:100). Two hard glass test tubes each containing -amylase were connected with a water filled capillary tube while one test tube received Mercurius corrosivus 30CH solution, the other only the control solution. The control solution consisted of equal amount of 90% ethanol diluted with water (1:100).There were two more test tubes, one containing same amount of distilled water instead of Mercurius corrosivus 30 CH solution and the other test tube the same amount of 90% ethanol (1:100) as in the control set. After 10 mins starch solution in Sodium acetate buffer was added to each test tube. The enzyme in each test tube was allowed to react with starch for 15 mins and then it was stopped by DNSA (Dinitro salicylic acid) solution .The activity of -amylase was measured by standard biochemical process. The breakdown product maltose in each test tube was quantified by a standard curve prepared by measuring the optical density of the maltose solution at 560 nm in a UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. This experiment was repeated 20 times. Results Activity of -amylase was expressed in terms of the amount of maltose liberated from breakdown of starch with standard errors in 15mins at a fixed temperature. The data were analyzed statistically using t-test. Mercurius corrosivus 30 CH enhanced the enzyme activity significantly in the directly treated test tube as well as the connected one (p