scholarly journals The Contingent Electoral Impacts of Programmatic Policies: Evidence From Education Reforms in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Opalo ◽  
James Habyarimana ◽  
Youdi Schipper
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
Education Reforms ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
School Expansion ◽  
Electoral Impact ◽  
Electoral Cycles ◽  
Shed Light

A large literature documents the electoral benefits of clientelist and programmatic policies in low-income states. We extend this literature by showing the cyclical electoral responses to a large programmatic intervention to expand access to secondary education in Tanzania over multiple electoral periods. Using a difference-in-difference approach, we find that the incumbent party’s vote share increased by 2 percentage points in the election following the policy’s announcement as a campaign promise (2005), but decreased by -1.4 percentage points in the election following implementation (2010). We find no discernible electoral impact of the policy in 2015, two electoral cycles later. We attribute the electoral penalty in 2010 to how the secondary school expansion policy was implemented. Our findings shed light on the temporally-contingent electoral impacts of programmatic policies, and highlight the need for more research on how policy implementation structures public opinion and vote choice in low-income states.

The Cyclical Electoral Impacts of Programmatic Policies: Evidence from Education Reforms in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Habyarimana ◽  
Ken Ochieng' Opalo ◽  
Youdi Schipper
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
Education Reforms ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
School Expansion ◽  
Electoral Impact ◽  
Electoral Cycles ◽  
Shed Light

A large literature documents the electoral benefits of clientelistic and programmatic policies in low-income states. We extend this literature by showing the cyclical electoral responses to a large programmatic intervention to expand access to secondary education in Tanzania over multiple electoral periods. Using a difference-indifference approach, we find that the incumbent party's vote share increased by 2 percentage points in the election following the policy's announcement as a campaign promise (2005), but decreased by -1.4 percentage points in the election following implementation (2010). We find no discernible electoral impact of the policy in 2015, two electoral cycles later. We attribute the electoral penalty in 2010 to how the secondary school expansion policy was implemented. Our findings shed light on the temporally-contingent electoral impacts of programmatic policies, and highlight the need for more research on how policy implementation structures public opinion and vote choice in low-income states.

Social security, income inequality and growth

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
GILLES LE GARREC
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Lifetime Income ◽  
Actuarial Fairness ◽  
Retirement Systems ◽  
Pension Benefits ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractIn most industrial countries, public pension systems redistribute from workers to retired people, not from high-income to low-income earners. They are close actuarial fairness. However, they are not all equivalent. In particular, some pension benefits are linked to full lifetime average earnings, while others are only linked to partial earnings history. In the latter case, we then show in this article that an actuarially fair pay-as-you-go pension system can both reduce lifetime income inequality and enhance economic growth. We also shed light on the dilemma between inequality and economic growth in retirement systems: greater progressivity results in less lifetime inequlity but also less growth.

Can Regression Discontinuity Help Answer an Age-Old Question in Education? The Effect of Age on Elementary and Secondary School Achievement

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Smith
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Low Income ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
School Outcomes ◽  
Older Students ◽  
Low Income Students ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Writing Tests ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Related Skill

Abstract Single-date school entry systems create large age differences between children in the same grade. Older students have been shown in the literature to outperform younger students along many elementary school outcomes, and some post-schooling outcomes. Little evidence exists about the size of these advantages in high school. Data from British Columbia, Canada are used to estimate the effect of age on test scores in grades 4, 7, and 10. I estimate that older students still have a sizable skill advantage in grade 10 across numeracy, reading, and writing tests. The advantage is strongest for girls and low-income students. The results suggest a certain degree of permanence to age related skill differences, which may spill over and affect adult outcomes.

scholarly journals Supporting Community College Students from Start to Degree Completion: Long-Term Evidence from a Randomized Trial of CUNY’s ASAP

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Weiss ◽  
Alyssa Ratledge ◽  
Colleen Sommo ◽  
Himani Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Community College ◽  
Community Colleges ◽  
Graduation Rates ◽  
Degree Completion ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Randomized Experiments ◽  
Low Income Students ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The City

Nationwide, graduation rates at community colleges are discouragingly low. This randomized experiment provides evidence that graduation rates can be increased dramatically. The City University of New York’s (CUNY) Accelerated Study in Associate Programs (ASAP) is a comprehensive, integrated, 3-year program that has an estimated 18 percentage point effect on 3-year graduation rates, increases 6-year graduation rates by an estimated 10 percentage points, and helps students graduate more quickly. Graduation effect estimates of this magnitude are exceptional in randomized experiments conducted in higher education, offering hope of what is possible when serving low-income students. (JEL H75, I23, I24, I28)

Private school vouchers for expanding secondary school access? The case of Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1307-1318
Author(s):  
Donald R. Baum ◽  
Jacobus Cilliers
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Private School ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Content Type ◽  
School Voucher

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the current contributions of private schools to education provision in Tanzania, and to consider the feasibility of a school voucher program to contribute to the expansion of the secondary school system, compared to the alternative expansion of public secondary education. Design/methodology/approach The study offers an analysis of current educational circumstances and educational goals in Tanzania, and projects differential costs and outcomes associated with various options for expanding secondary education. Data come from two sources: a census of the private schooling market in the Morogoro Urban district, conducted as part of the World Bank’s Systems Approach for Better Education Results initiative; and Tanzania’s National Panel Survey 2010–2011. Findings For those students unable to cover the full cost of secondary education, findings suggest that a targeted private school voucher would be an efficient and equitable policy mechanism for secondary school expansion. Such an approach would ease the financial burden on government for constructing all new schools, yet assure access for the most vulnerable. Originality/value The implementation of school voucher programs is increasing in low-income countries. It is important for policy makers to carefully consider the appropriateness of this type of policy intervention for their particular educational contexts. This paper models an approach by which researchers and policymakers can assess the educational circumstances of a particular location, and determine the potential effectiveness of a private school voucher policy.

scholarly journals Policy Implementation To Arrange The Street Vendors By The Government of Denpasar City, Bali Province

2019 ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Gede Oka Wisnumurti ◽  
Ni Nyoman Reni Suasih
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Local Law ◽  
The Government

Street vendors are informal types of work (small businesses) that arise primarily in urban areas, carried out by low-income people (daily salaries), have limited capital, and consist of only one worker (self employed). The presence of street vendors in various major cities in Indonesia, including in Denpasar City, has become a dilemma that creates pro-contra, and has the potential to clash between citizens and officials of government. This is because street vendors sell their wares in public places that are considered strategic, thus disrupting public order, and other public peace. On the other hand, according to one of the SDG’s programs, the government has an obligation to realize decent work for everyone. In the effort of structuring street vendors, as well as helping small traders of economic actors in the informal sector, the government of Denpasar City issues Denpasar City Local Law No. 2 of the year 2015 about Street Vendors. Therefore, an analysis is needed to find out the implementation of Denpasar City Local Law No. 2 of the year 2015, as well as to find out the supporting factors and inhibiting factors of its implementation. This research is a qualitative descriptive study, where the data obtained through the process of observation, interviews, and documentation studies. Selection of informants through purposive sampling technique, and data analysis techniques using Merilee S. Grindle's theory of policy implementation and contingency theory by James Lester. The results of the analysis show that the implementation of Denpasar City Local Law No. 2 of the year 2015 for arranging street vendors is still faced with several obstacles such as: lack of location according to allotment, lack of adequate budget, evaluation that is rarely done, and sanctions that are not in accordance with what is written in the Regional Regulation and the lack of understanding of street vendors on the local law. An interesting finding is that it turns out that governemtn of villages and custom village have an important role in organizing street vendors in their areas.

The Effect of Parents' Insurance Coverage on Access to Care for Low-Income Children

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Davidoff ◽  
Lisa Dubay ◽  
Genevieve Kenney ◽  
Alshadye Yemane
Keyword(s):  
Access To Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Medical Provider ◽  
Low Income Children ◽  
Point Reduction ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Well Child Visit ◽  
Child Visit

This study examines the effects of having an uninsured parent on access to health care for low-income children. Using data from the 1999 National Survey of America's Families, we find that having an uninsured parent decreases the likelihood that a child will have any medical provider visit by 6.5 percentage points, and decreases the likelihood of a well-child visit by 6.7 percentage points. Estimates for low-income children who have insurance but have an uninsured parent indicate a 4.1 percentage-point reduction in the probability of having any medical provider visit, and a similar 4.2 percentage-point reduction in the probability of having a well-child visit relative to those with insured parents. The effects of having an uninsured parent are smaller in magnitude than the effects of a child being uninsured. Efforts to increase insurance coverage of parents, either by extending eligibility for public insurance or through other policy interventions, will have positive spillover effects on access to care for children. Although the magnitude of these effects is small relative to the direct effect of providing insurance to either the child or parent, they should be considered in analyses of costs and benefits of proposed policies.

Postsecondary Outcomes of Innovative High Schools: The Big Picture Longitudinal Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Karen Arnold ◽  
Georgiana Mihut
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
School Reform ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High School Graduation ◽  
College Entrance ◽  
Postsecondary Outcomes ◽  
School Network ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
School Graduation

Context Educational reform efforts have taken the form of different school models intended to reduce educational inequality. Personalized, interest-based schools and academically focused, “No Excuses” schools are two leading small-school designs with sharply contrasting approaches to innovation. Given mixed research findings about the successes and challenges of school reform models in the United States, it is imperative to understand how educational outcomes of students relate to the philosophy and distinguishing characteristics of particular school models such as these. At the same time, evaluating social mobility effects of high school education across educational reform models requires examination of common metrics such as high school graduation rate and college entrance and degree attainment. Purpose This study sought to establish whether and how a personalized, interest-based secondary school reform model is associated with graduates’ characteristics and postsecondary outcomes—and to place these findings in relation to student outcomes reported by a leading No Excuses school network. Setting Big Picture Learning is a network of innovative small schools that serves primarily low-income and minoritized students through an individualized, relational, real-world-based high school experience. The Big Picture educational model features individualized learning plans connected to extensive internships, independent learning organized around student interests, authentic assessments, and close, informal relationships between students and adults. Research Design The Big Picture Longitudinal Study tracked 1900 graduates from six graduating high school classes. Data sources included student and school advisor surveys, National Student Clearinghouse college enrollment data, and interviews with graduates’ former advisors. Published outcomes data for KIPP No Excuses schools provided comparative information. Analyses comprised descriptive statistics of survey data and multivariate regression analyses connecting high school exit data to college outcomes. Findings The Big Picture Learning model is extremely successful in meeting its stated goals of fostering positive relationships, helping students discover and pursue their interests, and promoting high school graduation and college entrance. Results for academic subject achievement and college persistence are mixed, however. Big Picture graduates have similar college matriculation rates but somewhat lower six-year graduation rates than alumni from the KIPP No Excuses school network. Alumni from both networks show high rates of college attrition. Conclusion When taken alone and in context of other innovative school models, the Big Picture results point to the difficulty of sustaining secondary school gains in the post-high school lives of low-income students and highlight shortcomings of traditional colleges in serving this population.

scholarly journals The quantity-quality tradeoff: a cross-national, longitudinal analysis of national student-faculty ratios in higher education

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Buckner ◽  
You Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Faculty Roles ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Past ◽  
Enrollment Rates ◽  
National Trends ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Cross National

Abstract This article analyzes cross-national trends in national student-faculty ratios (SFRs) over the past five decades. In descriptive analyses, we find that SFRs have increased globally, driven by particularly large increases in low-income countries. We analyze two cross-national datasets to examine factors associated with national SFRs. We find that national SFRs are positively associated with gross tertiary enrollment rates and particularly so in low-income countries. In contrast, both the female share of faculty and research spending are associated with having lower national SFRs. The findings shed light on how national higher education systems are responding to massification pressures and suggest that differentiating faculty roles is one way that countries curb their rising SFRs as enrollments grow.

‘I Failed to Work Hard’: Reasons for Secondary School Dropout among Muslim Men in Delhi

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-69
Author(s):  
Aashti Salman
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Low Income ◽  
School Dropout ◽  
School Experiences ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
School Level ◽  
Committee Report ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Secondary School Level ◽  
Muslim Men

This article aims to understand the reasons and experiences which contribute to dropout among Muslims in India at the secondary school level (grades IX–XII). The focus of this article is low-income Muslim men, who have left school at the secondary level, in a predominantly Muslim neighbourhood of Jamia Nagar, Delhi. The context of this article is set by the seminal Sachar Committee Report which highlights the educational disadvantages of Muslims, categorising their school dropout rates as ‘worrisome’. The findings of this article are partially consistent with previous research. In the final instance, the Muslim men in Jamia Nagar linked their school leaving to their personal failure: in terms of their inability to maintain interest in studies/failing to clear a grade. There was a strong value attached to hard work, which men felt they lacked, and this was cited as the reason for their personal failure in school. In the process of constructing this narrative, family experiences were downplayed. School experiences were singled out by men as not affecting their decision to drop out. Another striking finding of this study is the relationship between self-employment and the decision to drop out.

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