scholarly journals A pathway for wisdom-focused education

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Huynh ◽  
Igor Grossmann
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Intellectual Humility ◽  
Flux Change ◽  
Situational Demands

Interest in the topic of wisdom-focused education has so far not resulted in empirically validated programs for teaching wisdom. To start filling this void, we explore the emerging empirical evidence concerning the fundamental elements required for understanding how one can foster wisdom, with a particular focus on wise reasoning. We define wise reasoning through a combination of intellectual humility, recognition of world in flux/change, open-mindedness to diverse viewpoints, and search for compromise/integration of diverse perspectives. In this paper, we review evidence concerning how wise reasoning can be facilitated through experiences, teaching materials, environments and cognitive strategies. We also focus on educators, reviewing emerging evidence on how the process of explaining and guiding others impacts one’s wisdom. We conclude by discussing the development of wisdom-focused education, proposing that greater attention to the situational demands and the variability in wisdom-related characteristics across social contexts should play a critical role in its development.

The Virtues Needed by Experts in Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 142-157
Author(s):  
Andrea Lavazza ◽  
Mirko Farina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Epistemic Authority ◽  
Relational Autonomy ◽  
Intellectual Humility ◽  
The Face ◽  
Specialist Knowledge

The current Covid-19 pandemic is illustrative of both the need of more experts and of the difficulties that can arise in the face of their decisions. This happens, we argue, because experts usually interact with society through a strongly naturalistic framework, which often places experts’ epistemic authority (understood as neutrality and objectivity) at the centre, sometimes at the expenses of other pluralistic values (such as axiological ones) that people (often non-experts) cherish. In this paper, we argue that we need to supplement such a strong naturalistic framework used to promote epistemic authority with a number of virtues -both intellectual and ethical- which include i. intellectual humility, ii. courage, iii. wisdom and cares, as well as iv. relational autonomy. To illustrate this claim, we discuss these ideas in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic and analyse a set of real-life examples where important decisions have been delegated to experts merely based on their epistemic authority. We use the illustrative failures described in the case studies above-mentioned to call for a revision of current understandings of expertise (merely based on epistemic soundness). Specifically, we argue that in social contexts we increasingly need “experts in action”; that is, people with certified specialist knowledge, who can however translate it into practical suggestions, decisions, and/or public policies that are ethically more balanced and that ultimately lead to fairer, more inclusive, and more representative decisions.

Language Teachers as Materials Developers

RELC Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 003368822110616
Author(s):  
Jiao Li ◽  
Xuesong (Andy) Gao ◽  
Xuehai Cui
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
Materials Analysis ◽  
Learning And Teaching

This report reviews studies on language teachers as materials developers in language education, particularly focusing on how language teachers act as materials users, materials analysts, and materials designers when engaging with language learning and teaching materials. We contend that the three dimensions of materials development – that is, materials use, materials analysis, and materials design – intersect with one another, and that language teachers play a critical role in all three. Therefore, this review concludes with a research agenda that centres on language teachers as materials developers to expand our understanding of their roles in materials development.

scholarly journals The Critical Role of Instructional Response for Identifying Dyslexia and Other Learning Disabilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Miciak ◽  
Jack M. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Fidelity Of Implementation ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Inadequate Response ◽  
Identification Process ◽  
Based Instruction

This article addresses the nature of dyslexia and best practices for identification and treatment within the context of multitier systems of support (MTSS). We initially review proposed definitions of dyslexia to identify key commonalities and differences in proposed attributes. We then review empirical evidence for proposed definitional attributes, focusing on key sources of controversy, including the role of IQ, instructional response, as well as issues of etiology and immutability. We argue that current empirical evidence supports a dyslexia classification marked by specific deficits in reading and spelling words combined with inadequate response to evidence-based instruction. We then propose a “hybrid” dyslexia identification process built to gather data relevant to these markers of dyslexia. We argue that this assessment process is best implemented within school-wide MTSS because it leverages data routinely collected in well-implemented MTSS, including documentation of student progress and fidelity of implementation. In contrast with other proposed methods for learning disability (LD) identification, the proposed “hybrid” method demonstrates strong evidence for valid decision-making and directly informs intervention.

Broadening Perspectives on the Evolution of Human Paternal Care and Fathers’ Effects on Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee T. Gettler ◽  
Adam H. Boyette ◽  
Stacy Rosenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Paternal Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Direct Care ◽  
Paternal Effects ◽  
Male Care ◽  
Effects On Children

Unlike most mammals, human fathers cooperate with mothers to care for young to an extraordinary degree. Human paternal care likely evolved alongside our unique life history strategy of raising slow-developing, energetically costly children, often in rapid succession. Adaptive frameworks generally assume that paternal provisioning played a critical role in this pattern's emergence. We draw on nonhuman primate data to propose that nonprovisioning forms of low-cost hominin male care were potentially foundational and ratcheted up through evolutionary time, helping facilitate social contexts for later subsistence specialization and sharing. We then argue for expanding the breadth of anthropological research on paternal effects in families, particularly in three domains: direct care and teaching;social capital cultivation; and reduction of family conflict. Anthropologists can greatly contribute to conversations about the determinants of children's development across contexts, but we need to ask more expansive questions about the pathways through which caregivers (including fathers) affect child outcomes.

scholarly journals “Do it All by Myself”: A Salutogenic Approach of Masculine Health Practice Among Farming Men Coping With Stress

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1536-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Roy ◽  
Gilles Tremblay ◽  
Steven Robertson ◽  
Janie Houle
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
Health Promoting Behaviors ◽  
Traditional Masculinity

Farming is often considered one of the most stressful occupations. At the same time, farming men symbolically represent a strong, traditional, or hegemonic form of masculinity based on stoicism, resourcefulness, and resilience to adversity. A contrast is observed between this social representation and their health status, marked by higher levels of stress, social isolation, psychological distress, and suicide than many other subgroups of men. A salutogenic approach was taken in this study to enable the investigation of the social contexts in which farming men positively engage in health-promoting behaviors that may prevent or ameliorate mental health problems. A focus was placed on how farming men cope with stress on their own, and the relationship of this to their popular image of being resourceful and resilient. Thirty-two individual in-depth interviews with farming men and a focus group with five key informants working in rural areas within the Province of Quebec, Canada, were carried out. Self-distraction and cognitive strategies emerged as the most relevant for participants. Notably, taking work breaks conflicted with the discourse of the “relentless worker” that farmers are expected to be. Pathways to positive coping and recovery implied an ambivalence between contemplation of strategies aligned with negative aspects of traditional masculinity norms in North America and strategies aligned with more positive, progressive aspects of these norms based on the importance of family and work life balance. Health promotion and future research should investigate how various positive masculine practices can be aligned with farmers’ health and well-being and that of their family.

scholarly journals Plasticity of behavioural variability reflects conflicting selection in group-living and solitary desert locusts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Cooper ◽  
Jonathan M. Smith ◽  
Tom Matheson ◽  
Swidbert R. Ott
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Intrinsic Variability ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Phase Polyphenism ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
The Individual

Animals living in groups tend to express less variable behaviour than animals living alone. It is widely assumed that this difference reflects, at least in part, an adaptive response to contrasting selection pressures: group-living should favour the evolution of more uniform behaviour whereas lone-living should favour behaviour that is less predictable. Empirical evidence linking these contrasting selection pressures to intrinsic differences in behavioural variability is, however, largely lacking. The desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, manifests in two very distinct eco-phenotypes, a lone-living cryptic “solitarious phase” and a swarming “gregarious phase” that aggregates into very large and dense groups. This “phase polyphenism” has evolved in response to contrasting selection pressures that change rapidly and unpredictably. Phase differences in mean behaviour are well-characterised, but no previous study has considered differences in variability. Here we used locust phase polyphenism to test the hypothesis that group living leads to the evolution of reduced intrinsic variability in behaviour. We measured two behaviours in both phenotypes: locomotor activity in the presence of conspecifics, and locomotor hesitation in approaching food when alone. We assayed each individual repeatedly and estimated variability relative to the mean in log-normal mixed-effects models that explicitly account for the means-variance dependency in the behavioural measures. Our results demonstrate that relative behavioural variability differs between the two phases in line with predictions from ecological theory: both within-individual and between-individual variability were lower in the group-living gregarious phenotype. This contrasts with previous studies on social niche construction in spiders and crickets, and highlights the importance of social ecology: in animals that form non-social collectives, such as locusts, reduced individual behavioural variability is key for coherent collective behaviour. The differences in variability persisted when gregarious locusts were tested in isolation and solitarious locusts were tested in groups, indicating that they arise not simply as flexible reactions to different social contexts, but are intrinsic to the individual animals of each phase. This “variance polyphenism” in locusts provides empirical evidence that evolutionary adaptation for group living has driven a reduction in within- and between-individual behavioural variability.

scholarly journals Sociolinguistic Properties of Word Embeddings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Arseniev-Koehler ◽  
Jacob G. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Word Embeddings ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Theoretical Evidence

We describe the burgeoning empirical evidence showing how meanings captured in word embeddings correspond to human meanings. We then review the theoretical evidence illustrating how word embeddings correspond to — and diverge from — human cognitive strategies to represent and process meaning. In turn, these divergences illustrate challenges and future directions for research with word embeddings.

The Cyclical Job Ladder

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Moscarini ◽  
Fabien Postel-Vinay
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Search Frictions ◽  
Aggregate Shocks ◽  
Earnings Growth ◽  
Wage Premiums ◽  
Main Engine

Many theories of labor market turnover generate a job ladder. Due to search frictions, workers earn rents from employment. All workers agree on which jobs are, in this sense, more desirable and slowly climb the job ladder through job-to-job quits. Occasionally, negative shocks throw them off the ladder and back into unemployment. We review a recent body of theory and empirical evidence on labor market turnover through the lens of the job ladder. We focus on the critical role that the job ladder plays in transmitting aggregate shocks, through the pace and direction of employment reallocation, to economic activity and wages and in shaping business cycles more generally. The main evidence concerns worker transitions, both through nonemployment and from job to job, between firms of different sizes, ages, productivity levels, and wage premiums, as well as the resulting earnings growth. Poaching by firms up the ladder is the main engine of reallocation, which shuts down in recessions.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF STRATEGIC ORIENTATIONS ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF SMES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jawad Hussain ◽  
Arshad Ali Khan ◽  
M. Idrees Khan
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Market Orientation ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Learning Orientation ◽  
Strategic Orientations ◽  
The Relationship

Strategic orientations like Market orientation (MO) and Learning orientation (LO) play critical role in improving the performance of both large and small scale businesses. This paper investigate the relationship between LO and organizational performance with MO as moderator. The current study reports the findings of two hundred and seven owners or managers of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. The findings of the study indicate a positive relationship between LO and organizational performance. Mo was found to have moderated the direct relationship between LO and organizational performance. This study is among the few attempts made to systematically examine the interplay among MO, LO and organizational performance in SMEs operating in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Ikatan Kimia Model Inkuiri dengan Strategi Konflik Kognitif Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Fahrurrozi Fahrurrozi ◽  
Hulyadi Hulyadi ◽  
Pahriah Pahriah
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Student Attitudes ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Instructional Materials ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Average Percentage

Chemical bonding was one of the subjects considered difficult by students, because it had submicroscopic concept that learns about the formation of bonds an element that was quite difficult for students to understand. The development of teaching material in the form of teaching materials was seen as a solution to this problem. This study aimed to develop chemical bondinginquiry modelsteaching materials with conflict cognitive strategies towards critical thinking skills. This studywas development research with ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation)model design. The development results were validated by three expert validators, one practitioner validator and ten IKIP Mataram students as students' limited test validators. Quantitative data from the results of feasibility validation and the results of the assessment of student attitudes toward critical thinking skills were analyzed by percentage formula and the results of effectiveness test data were calculated by N-gain. Qualitative data in the form of responses and suggestions for improvement from the validator was used as a consideration to make revisions to the instructional materials developed. In general, the validator's assessment of the results of the development obtained an average percentage of 83.80%, 85.71%, 88% and 85.71%. While the results of the analysis of effectiveness using the N-gain test obtained an average score of 0.6 with the medium category and analysis. This showed that the teaching materials developed were very feasible to proceed to a broader and more effective stage to foster critical thinking skills.

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