scholarly journals Route Generation Heuristics for the Automated Creation of Hot Spot Policing Patrol Routes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Carlos F. Nunes Junior ◽  
Jhonata Matias ◽  
Spencer Chainey ◽  
Ticiana L. Coelho da Silva ◽  
José Antônio F. de Macêdo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Crime Data ◽  
Police Patrol ◽  
Manual Task ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Crime Pattern

Hot spot policing is a form of targeted police patrol deployment for decreasing crime. For hot spot policing to be effective, it requires analysis of crime data to identify the specific locations where crime is concentrated and create suitable patrol routes. The creation of hot spot policing patrol routes is a manual task that police officers perform, requiring skills and knowledge about hot spot policing and crime pattern analysis. This can limit the use of hot spot policing where these skills and knowledge are not available, and where they are available, the creation of patrol routes can be a time-consuming task. In this paper, we introduce two computational route generation heuristics that automate creating hot spot policing patrol routes. Both approaches identify the specific locations where crime concentrates and then use different methods to create the patrol routes. We compare the performance of each approach using metrics associated with effective patrol route creation and through visual inspection. We conclude that the heuristics we introduce provide an accurate means for creating hot spot policing patrol routes, which can support greater and improved use of hot spot policing as an effective type of intervention for decreasing crime.

scholarly journals Improving the Creation of Hot Spot Policing Patrol Routes: Comparing Cognitive Heuristic Performance to an Automated Spatial Computation Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
Spencer P. Chainey ◽  
Jhonata A. S. Matias ◽  
Francisco Carlos F. Nunes Junior ◽  
Ticiana L. Coelho da Silva ◽  
José Antônio F. de Macêdo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Computational Approach ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Computational Approaches ◽  
Crime Hot Spots ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Impact

Hot spot policing involves the deployment of police patrols to places where high levels of crime have previously concentrated. The creation of patrol routes in these hot spots is mainly a manual process that involves using the results from an analysis of spatial patterns of crime to identify the areas and draw the routes that police officers are required to patrol. In this article we introduce a computational approach for automating the creation of hot spot policing patrol routes. The computational techniques we introduce created patrol routes that covered areas of higher levels of crime than an equivalent manual approach for creating hot spot policing patrol routes, and were more efficient in how they covered crime hot spots. Although the evidence on hot spot policing interventions shows they are effective in decreasing crime, the findings from the current research suggest that the impact of these interventions can potentially be greater when using the computational approaches that we introduce for creating hot spot policing patrol routes.

Crime Mapping and Crime Analysis of Property Crimes in Jodhpur

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swikar Lama ◽  
Sikandar Singh Rathore
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Crime Analysis ◽  
Crime Mapping ◽  
Property Crimes

AbstractThis study is based on crime mapping and crime analysis of property crimes in Jodhpur. The property crimes which were selected were house breaking, auto thefts and chain snatching. Data from police stations were used to generate the maps to locate hot spots of crimes. The profile of these hot spots was analyzed through observations supplemented with interviews of police officers and public 100 cases of house breaking and 100 cases of auto thefts were further analyzed to understand the contexts which lead to these crimes. These contexts are in consonance with situational crime prevention theories. This study may help to understand the environmental factors which may be responsible for certain places becoming hot spot areas of property crimes in Jodhpur.

Supervised and Unsupervised Machine Learning Methodologies for Crime Pattern Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Divya Sardana ◽  
Shruti Marwaha ◽  
Raj Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Unsupervised Machine Learning ◽  
Task Forces ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
Grave Problem ◽  
Crime Pattern

Crime is a grave problem that affects all countries in the world. The level of crime in a country has a big impact on its economic growth and quality of life of citizens. In this paper, we provide a survey of trends of supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods used for crime pattern analysis. We use a spatiotemporal dataset of crimes in San Francisco, CA to demonstrate some of these strategies for crime analysis. We use classification models, namely, Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting and Naive Bayes to predict crime types such as Larceny, Theft, etc. and propose model optimization strategies. Further, we use a graph based unsupervised machine learning technique called core periphery structures to analyze how crime behavior evolves over time. These methods can be generalized to use for different counties and can be greatly helpful in planning police task forces for law enforcement and crime prevention.

GIS and crime pattern analysis

2017 ◽  
pp. 151-165
Author(s):  
Dimitris Ballas ◽  
Graham Clarke ◽  
Rachel S. Franklin ◽  
Andy Newing
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Crime Pattern

scholarly journals Analysing the Police Patrol Routing Problem: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maite Dewinter ◽  
Christophe Vandeviver ◽  
Tom Vander Beken ◽  
Frank Witlox
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Hybrid Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Dynamic Vehicle Routing ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
Police Patrol ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Solution Methods ◽  
Routing Policies ◽  
Patrol Routing

Police patrol is a complex process. While on patrol, police officers must balance many intersecting responsibilities. Most notably, police must proactively patrol and prevent offenders from committing crimes but must also reactively respond to real-time incidents. Efficient patrol strategies are crucial to manage scarce police resources and minimize emergency response times. The objective of this review paper is to discuss solution methods that can be used to solve the so-called police patrol routing problem (PPRP). The starting point of the review is the existing literature on the dynamic vehicle routing problem (DVRP). A keyword search resulted in 30 articles that focus on the DVRP with a link to police. Although the articles refer to policing, there is no specific focus on the PPRP; hence, there is a knowledge gap. A diversity of approaches is put forward ranging from more convenient solution methods such as a (hybrid) Genetic Algorithm (GA), linear programming and routing policies, to more complex Markov Decision Processes and Online Stochastic Combinatorial Optimization. Given the objectives, characteristics, advantages and limitations, the (hybrid) GA, routing policies and local search seem the most valuable solution methods for solving the PPRP.

Distracted driving impairs police patrol officer driving performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. James
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Distracted Driving ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Police Patrol ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – Most US states exempt police officers from restrictive distracted laws, and most agencies require officers to use mobile data computers while driving. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of a text-based distraction task on officer driving performance. Design/methodology/approach – Experienced police patrol officers (n=80) participated in controlled laboratory experiments during which they drove a high-fidelity driving simulator on four separate occasions; twice immediately following five consecutive 10:40 hour patrol shifts (fatigued condition) and again 72 hours after completing the last shift in a cycle (rested condition). In each condition, officers drove identical, counterbalanced 15-minute courses with and without distraction tasks. The research used a within- and between-subjects design. Findings – A generalized linear mixed-model analysis of driving performance showed that officers’ distracted driving performance had significantly greater lane deviation (F=88.58, df=1,308, p < 0.001), instances of unintentionally leaving assigned driving lane (F=64.76, df=1,308, p < 0.001), and braking latency (F=200.82, df=1,308, p < 0.001) than during non-distracted drives. These measures are leading indicators for collision risk. Research limitations/implications – Simulated driving tasks presented were generally less challenging than patrol driving and likely underestimate the impact of distraction on police driving. Originality/value – Police officers appear to drive significantly worse while distracted, and their routine experience with using text-based communication devices while driving does not mitigate the risks associated with doing so. Study results suggest that policing organizations should modify policies, practices, training, and technologies to reduce the impact of distraction on officers’ driving. Failing to do so exposes officers and the communities they serve to unnecessary hazards and legal liabilities.

scholarly journals Psychological Observation Skills in the Daily Work of Transport Police Officers

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
E.A. Petrova ◽  
◽  
M.S. Sisoshvili ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Patrol Officers ◽  
Training Material ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Police Patrol ◽  
Competence Level ◽  
Video And Audio

this paper presents the results of an empirical study of the psychological observation skills of transport police officers in order to assess their competence level. For the study, the authors developed a questionnaire of 78 questions. Responses collected from 555 police patrol officers are presented, problem areas that cause the greatest difficulties in the work of transport police officers are identified. We conclude that it is necessary to develop psychological observation skills in transport police officers using video and audio training material.

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