scholarly journals The Monetary Crisis and Foundation for Reserve Bank of India (1890-1935)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Balaji
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Economic Interest ◽  
Stabilization Policy ◽  
British India ◽  
World War ◽  
Reserve Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Reserve Bank Of India

The monetary policy of British India was highly controversial during the interwar period as it aimed to protect the budgetary obligations and private commerce. The currency stabilization policy was seen as a tool to protect the British economic interest while they ruled India. The currency came under serious pressure during the World War I and Great depression, the facets of Indian currency’s dependence was exposed through the modified council bill system and Gold exchange standard. The much-needed currency reforms and banking system were conceded by the colonial administration after much wrangling for half a century.

scholarly journals The Monetary Crisis and Foundation for Reserve Bank of India (1890-1935)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Balaji ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Economic Interest ◽  
Stabilization Policy ◽  
British India ◽  
World War ◽  
Reserve Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Reserve Bank Of India

The monetary policy of British India was highly controversial during the interwar period as it aimed to protect the budgetary obligations and private commerce. The currency stabilization policy was seen as a tool to protect the British economic interest while they ruled India. The currency came under serious pressure during the World War I and Great depression, the facets of Indian currency’s dependence was exposed through the modified council bill system and Gold exchange standard. The much-needed currency reforms and banking system were conceded by the colonial administration after much wrangling for half a century.

scholarly journals The Monetary Crisis and Foundation for Reserve Bank of India (1890-1935)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Balaji
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Economic Interest ◽  
Stabilization Policy ◽  
British India ◽  
World War ◽  
Reserve Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Reserve Bank Of India

The monetary policy of British India was highly controversial during the interwar period as it aimed to protect the budgetary obligations and private commerce. The currency stabilization policy was seen as a tool to protect the British economic interest while they ruled India. The currency came under serious pressure during the World War I and Great depression, the facets of Indian currency’s dependence was exposed through the modified council bill system and Gold exchange standard. The much-needed currency reforms and banking system were conceded by the colonial administration after much wrangling for half a century.

The Unraveling

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-90
Author(s):  
David Bosco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
World War ◽  
Labor Regulations ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
The World

The world wars of the 20th century saw the collapse of pre-war rules designed to protect merchant shipping from interference. In both wars, combatants engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare and imposed vast ocean exclusion zones, leading to unprecedented interference with ocean commerce. After World War I, the United States began to supplant Britain as the leading naval power, and it feuded with Britain over maritime rights. Other developments in the interwar period included significant state-sponsored ocean research, including activity by Germany in the Atlantic and the Soviets in the Arctic. Maritime commerce was buffeted by the shocks of the world wars. Eager to trim costs, US shipping companies experimented with “flags of convenience” to avoid new national safety and labor regulations. The question of the breadth of the territorial sea remained unresolved, as governments bickered about the appropriate outer limit of sovereign control.

FROM IMPERIAL TO INTERNATIONAL HORIZONS: A HERMENEUTIC STUDY OF BENGALI MODERNISM

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRIS MANJAPRA
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
British India ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Literary Journal ◽  
Close Study ◽  
Linguistic Level ◽  
Political Category ◽  
Hans Georg Gadamer

This essay provides a close study of the international horizons ofKallol, a Bengali literary journal, published in post-World War I Calcutta. It uncovers a historical pattern of Bengali intellectual life that marked the period from the 1870s to the 1920s, whereby an imperial imagination was transformed into an international one, as a generation of intellectuals born between 1885 and 1905 reinvented the political category of “youth”. Hermeneutics, as a philosophically informed study of how meaning is created through conversation, and grounded in this essay in the thought of Hans Georg Gadamer, helps to reveal this pattern. While translocal vistas of intellectual life were always present in Bengali thought, the contours of those horizons changed drastically in the period under study. Bengali intellectual life, framed within a center–periphery imperial axis in the 1870s, was resolutely reframed within a multipolar international constellation by the 1920s. This change was reflected by the new conversations in which young Bengalis became entangled in the years after the war. At a linguistic level, the shift was registered by the increasing use of terms such asbideś(the foreign) andāntarjātik(international), as opposed tobilāt(England, or the West), to name the world abroad. The world outside empire increasingly became a resource and theme for artists and writers. Major changes in global geopolitical alignments and in the colonial politics of British India, and the relations between generations within Bengali bhadralok society, provide contexts for the rise of this international youth imagination.

scholarly journals Stylistic directions in Stevan Hristic’s oratorio Vaskrsenje, Resurrection: The question of crossroads-traditions in Serbian music at the beginning of the twentieth century

Muzikologija ◽  
2004 ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Tomasevic
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Church Music ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
World War ◽  
National Theatre ◽  
The World ◽  
Central Characteristic ◽  
National Music

Vaskrsenje (Resurrection) which was composed by Stevan Hristic (libretto Dragutin Ilic) was a first oratorio in Serbian music. The libretto was published in a journal Odjek (Echo) in 1909, with the first performance in 1912 at the Belgrade National Theatre. During the period 1909-1912, the young composer studied church music in Moscow and Rome. He studied with Dom Lorenzo Perosi in Rome, who was a director of the Sistine Chapel at the time, and a leading composer of church music. Perosi also composed two oratorios with the Resurrection as a subject-matter. His stay in Rome, as well as the encounter with the contemporary Italian style of church music left a strong impression on Hristic and his later opus. The oratorio Resurrection is freely permeated with both romantic and impressionist elements, hence the impression of the typically Western fin-de-si?cle style. Compared to Serbian performances until that time, Hristic?s work represented a complete novelty in its style and genre; it was considered as one of the first works of Serbian musical Modernism. Despite the audience?s positive reception, the oratorio was faced with a highly negative criticism of Jovan Zorko and Miloje Milojevic. Both of them criticized Hristic for not having composed the work in the spirit of "national music". Hristic defended his poetics claiming that the idea of composing a national music did not comprise the use of folk melodies, but rather composing according to the highest professional and aesthetic criteria. A debate which was anticipated concerning the meaning and the importance of "national" poetics arose as a reaction to Resurrection. This debate remained important in two ways: 1) it remained a "typical" debate for the dynamic development of Serbian music following the World War I and 2) it became the central characteristic of the overall artistic development in Serbia during the interwar period, which was "coming close" and eventually became the part of Europe.

scholarly journals Transport system of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region in the interwar period

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (50) ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Rusnak
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban Public Transport ◽  
Major Impediment ◽  
Qualitative Changes

In the article the author describes the main tendencies of the development of the system of communication routes of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region in 1918 – 1940. In the interwar period, in addition to the improvement of traditional modes of transport, new ones were launched. A major impediment to the improvement of transport infrastructure was the devastation during the World War I. During 1918 – 1940 the damaged sections of rails, bridges and stations had to be rebuilt. Similar were the problems with highways, the condition of which was one of the worst in Romania. The progressive shifts should include the establishment of a permanent domestic and international air connection between Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn. Urban public transport has also undergone qualitative changes in the interwar period. There were regular bus routes between the main settlements of the region. Keywords: Northern Bukovyna, Khotyn region, transport, rail, roads, tram, trolleybus, bus.

BECKMANN'S FAMILY CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN MOTOR TRANSPORT AT THE BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 136-141
Author(s):  
Maryna Gutnyk ◽  
Krystian Chrzan
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Family Business ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
World War ◽  
Car Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
Family Contribution

he formation of the automotive industry in Europe in the early twentieth century was considered. The data about car development in Great Britain, France and Germany is given. It was shown how the automobile racing influenced on the development of cars, in particular the transition from cars creation with a steam engine to cars creation with an internal combustion engine. More and more people became interested in this type of transportation. It was shown that at that time in Europe there were many workshops where cars were developed by scientists-innovators. Among such pioneers of the car industry is to Beckman's family. The activity of this family starting from Paul Beckman to his son Otto Jr. and even his daughter Ilse is presented. To date, it is extremely limited information about Beckmann's family contribution to the automotive industry in Europe. It was Paul Beckmann who started constructing cars in Wroclaw. At the factory which was founded by his father the production of both as small cars and as trucks and even sports was organized. It is noted that before the beginning of the World War I the most efficient cars developed a speed of up to 95 km/h. Beckmann's family cars became prize-winners of the international competitions of that time. It is stated that Paul Beckman can be considered the initiator of a safety belt. His cars were equipped with special leather straps. It should be noted that the company successfully developed and had a dealer network in Germany, Poland and Russia. During the interwar period, the company collapsed and was bought by a larger brand. However, Otto Jr., son of Paul Beckman, continued to take care of a family business. Today there is only one car with the mark of the Wroclaw car factory.

scholarly journals PLATONO POLITINIŲ IDĖJŲ RECEPCIJA XX A. PIRMOSIOS PUSĖS LENKIJOS FILOSOFIJOJE

Problemos ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
Tomasz Mroz
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Polish Philosophy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic

Straipsniu siekiama parodyti, kad Lenkijos mokslininkų požiūris į Platono politines idėjas priklausė nuo politinės situacijos Lenkijoje ir Europoje. Apžvelgiami trijų laikotarpių tekstai. Prieš Pirmąjį pasaulinį karą vyravo entuziazmas Platono politinių idėjų atžvilgiu. Tarpukariu entuziazmas išblėso ir utopinis Valstybės projektas buvo laikomas neįgyvendinamu. Po Antrojo pasaulinio karo Platono projektą neigiamai vertino tiek totalitarizmo ir komunizmo kritikai, tiek marksistai. Pirmieji komunizmą manė esant Platono idėjų realizaciją, o antrieji Platoną laikė demokratinės sitemos priešu.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Platonas, Valstybė, Platono recepcija, Lenkijos filosofija.On the Reception of Plato’s Political Ideas in Polish Philosophy of the First Half of the Twentieth CenturyTomasz Mroz SummaryThe main purpose of this paper is to prove that the attitude towards Plato’s political ideas among Polish scholars depended on political situation of Poland and Europe. Selected works of three periods are under examination. Before the World War I the enthusiasm towards Plato’s political ideas prevailed. In the interwar period the enthusiasm waned and the utopian project of the Republic was considered as impossible to be carried out. After the World War II Plato’s project was negatively evaluated by the opponents of the totalitarianism and communism as well as by the Marxist philosophers. The former considered communism to be a fulfillment of Plato’s ideas, the latter thought of Plato as an enemy of the democratic system.Key words: Plato, Politeia, Plato reception, Polish philosophy.

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