scholarly journals Modeling Volcano-Magmatic Systems: Workshop Report for the Modeling Collaboratory for Subduction Research Coordination Network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helge M. Gonnermann ◽  
Kyle Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Model Development ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Magmatic System ◽  
System Models ◽  
Collaborative Modeling ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
Active Volcanoes

This document summarizes the outcomes of the Modeling Collaboratory for Subduction Zone Science (MCS) Volcanic Systems Workshop and presents a vision for advancing collaborative modeling of volcano-magmatic systems. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has identified 161 potentially active volcanoes in the United States and its territories, of which 57 are considered to be high or very high threats (Ewert et al., 2018). All western states, including Alaska and Hawaii, have potentially active volcanoes. Eruptions range from the quiet effusion of sluggish lava flows over hours to decades to immense explosive ejections of tephra which produce massive calderas.Understanding these volcanoes and assessing their threat to society requires the development of quantitative models, rooted in physics and chemistry, which can be used to interpret diverse observations including real-time monitoring data. Existing models have tremendously advanced our understanding of volcanic systems and have improved our ability to assess hazards and forecast future activity, contributing directly to reductions in the number of lives lost to volcanic eruptions and helping mitigate their costs to society. Magmatic system models also provide a quantitative framework for understanding processes that occur at depth beneath volcanoes, linking volcanic systems with a broad range of deeper processes associated with the production, transport, and storage of magma and associated fluids above subducting slabs.Despite this exciting progress much remains to be accomplished and workshop participants identified several important opportunities. First and foremost is the recognition that enhanced support for the development and dissemination of volcano-magmatic system models and associated methodologies will enable advances in ways not currently possible. A key outcome of the workshops is a recognition of the transformative potential of diverse groups of scientists working together on common problems. Support for collaborative working groups will enable communication across disciplines and between modelers and non-modelers, leveraging expertise from scientists studying different aspects of volcano-magmatic systems, and between geoscientists and outside experts from fields such as mathematics, statistics, and material sciences. Better support will also enable modelers to more fully verify, validate, benchmark, and document their codes, and also provide new training opportunities. Enhanced model sharing and interoperability will reduce the need for different groups to independently duplicate (re-invent) code and increase confidence in published results. This report lays out a proposal for a collaborative modeling environment that is centered in large part around community working groups manifested as workshops, summer schools, and sustained long-term research collaborations involving diverse groups of scientists working on common problems. Programmatic support is envisioned in the form of enhanced student and postdoc funding for model development, incentives and support for cross-disciplinary collaborative research projects, and related support for these activities. This support will fundamentally improve our ability to integrate and interpret observations using volcanic and magmatic system models.

scholarly journals Optimising neurodevelopmental and psychosocial outcomes for survivors with CHD: a research agenda for the next decade

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Erica Sood ◽  
Jeffrey P Jacobs ◽  
Bradley S Marino
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
Outcomes Research ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcome ◽  
Psychosocial Outcomes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Working Groups

Abstract Neurodevelopmental and psychosocial impairments negatively impact health-related quality of life for survivors with CHD and complicate the transition to independent adulthood. Risk for neurodevelopmental and psychosocial impairments is influenced by a complex interplay among genetic, foetal, surgical, perioperative, family, and social factors, requiring a multi-pronged approach to neuroprotection and intervention. To ensure future research can ultimately reduce the burden of CHD for individuals, families, and society, the most pressing issues in cardiac neurodevelopment requiring scientific investigation must be identified. Through funding from an R13 Grant from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health of the United States of America, the Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative convened a two-day meeting of international experts in cardiac neurodevelopmental and psychosocial research, clinical care, and health disparities, including patient and family stakeholders, to define the cardiac neurodevelopmental and psychosocial outcomes research agenda for the next decade. Seven multidisciplinary working groups were formed to address key domains crucial to the advancement of cardiac neurodevelopmental and psychosocial outcomes research: 1) Foetal Brain Development and Neuroprotection, 2) Surgical/Perioperative Neuroprotection and Neurodevelopment, 3) Characterization of Neurodevelopmental and Psychological Outcomes, 4) Neurodevelopmental and Psychosocial Intervention, 5) Parent Mental Health and Family Functioning, 6) Neurodevelopmental Education, Outreach and Advocacy, and 7) Health Disparities and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes. Working groups identified significant gaps in knowledge and critical questions that must be answered to further knowledge, policy, care, and outcomes. The development of a research agenda in cardiac neurodevelopmental and psychosocial outcomes is critical for informing collaborative initiatives and allocation of funding for research to scientific inquiries of highest value to key stakeholders.

Acoustic Modeling of Meteorological Effects on Roadway Noise

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812199458
Author(s):  
Roger L. Wayson ◽  
Kenneth Kaliski
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Model Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Noise Model ◽  
Road Traffic Noise ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Noise Propagation ◽  
Transportation Research ◽  
Meteorological Effects

Modeling road traffic noise levels without including the effects of meteorology may lead to substantial errors. In the United States, the required model is the Traffic Noise Model which does not include meteorology effects caused by refraction. In response, the Transportation Research Board sponsored NCHRP 25-52, Meteorological Effects on Roadway Noise, to collect highway noise data under different meteorological conditions, document the meteorological effects on roadway noise propagation under different atmospheric conditions, develop best practices, and provide guidance on how to: (a) quantify meteorological effects on roadway noise propagation; and (b) explain those effects to the public. The completed project at 16 barrier and no-barrier measurement positions adjacent to Interstate 17 (I-17) in Phoenix, Arizona provided the database which has enabled substantial developments in modeling. This report provides more recent information on the model development that can be directly applied by the noise analyst to include meteorological effects from simple look-up tables to more precise use of statistical equations.

scholarly journals Application of big data in healthcare: examination of the military experience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Berry
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Model Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
System Versus ◽  
Military Systems ◽  
The Military

AbstractHealthcare is fully embracing the promise of Big Data for improving performance and efficiency. Such a paradigm shift, however, brings many unforeseen impacts both positive and negative. Healthcare has largely looked at business models for inspiration to guide model development and practical implementation of Big Data. Business models, however, are limited in their application to healthcare as the two represent a complicated system versus a complex system respectively. Healthcare must, therefore, look toward other examples of complex systems to better gauge the potential impacts of Big Data. Military systems have many similarities with healthcare with a wealth of systems research, as well as practical field experience, from which healthcare can draw. The experience of the United States Military with Big Data during the Vietnam War is a case study with striking parallels to issues described in modern healthcare literature. Core principles can be extracted from this analysis that will need to be considered as healthcare seeks to integrate Big Data into its active operations.

Performance Testing of Coal Fired Power Plants

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane E. Powers ◽  
William C. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Cycle Performance ◽  
Test Program

With the renewed interest in the construction of coal-fired power plants in the United States, there has also been an increased interest in the methodology used to calculate/determine the overall performance of a coal fired power plant. This methodology is detailed in the ASME PTC 46 (1996) Code, which provides an excellent framework for determining the power output and heat rate of coal fired power plants. Unfortunately, the power industry has been slow to adopt this methodology, in part because of the lack of some details in the Code regarding the planning needed to design a performance test program for the determination of coal fired power plant performance. This paper will expand on the ASME PTC 46 (1996) Code by discussing key concepts that need to be addressed when planning an overall plant performance test of a coal fired power plant. The most difficult aspect of calculating coal fired power plant performance is integrating the calculation of boiler performance with the calculation of turbine cycle performance and other balance of plant aspects. If proper planning of the performance test is not performed, the integration of boiler and turbine data will result in a test result that does not accurately reflect the true performance of the overall plant. This planning must start very early in the development of the test program, and be implemented in all stages of the test program design. This paper will address the necessary planning of the test program, including: • Determination of Actual Plant Performance. • Selection of a Test Goal. • Development of the Basic Correction Algorithm. • Designing a Plant Model. • Development of Correction Curves. • Operation of the Power Plant during the Test. All nomenclature in this paper utilizes the ASME PTC 46 definitions for the calculation and correction of plant performance.

scholarly journals Revisiting the statistical analysis of pyroclast density and porosity data

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1077-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bernard ◽  
U. Kueppers ◽  
H. Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Large Datasets ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Statistical Relevance ◽  
Volcanic Deposits ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions

Abstract. Explosive volcanic eruptions are commonly characterized based on a thorough analysis of the generated deposits. Amongst other characteristics in physical volcanology, density and porosity of juvenile clasts are some of the most frequently used characteristics to constrain eruptive dynamics. In this study, we evaluate the sensitivity of density and porosity data and introduce a weighting parameter to correct issues raised by the use of frequency analysis. Results of textural investigation can be biased by clast selection. Using statistical tools as presented here, the meaningfulness of a conclusion can be checked for any dataset easily. This is necessary to define whether or not a sample has met the requirements for statistical relevance, i.e. whether a dataset is large enough to allow for reproducible results. Graphical statistics are used to describe density and porosity distributions, similar to those used for grain-size analysis. This approach helps with the interpretation of volcanic deposits. To illustrate this methodology we chose two large datasets: (1) directed blast deposits of the 3640–3510 BC eruption of Chachimbiro volcano (Ecuador) and (2) block-and-ash-flow deposits of the 1990–1995 eruption of Unzen volcano (Japan). We propose add the use of this analysis for future investigations to check the objectivity of results achieved by different working groups and guarantee the meaningfulness of the interpretation.

Empires and Immigrants

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Lim
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
El Paso ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Ciudad Juarez ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Demographic Shift ◽  
International Boundary ◽  
Diverse Groups

This chapter frames the nineteenth century borderlands as a theater of movement that had long been marked by imperial contestations and diverse migrations. Native American, colonial, Mexican, and American migrations shaped the region, keeping territorial boundaries porous, and racial and national identities blurred. Following the transformation of the indigenous borderlands to a capitalist borderlands, the chapter traces the seismic demographic shift that drove the region’s rapid industrialization; as the borderlands connected into national, transnational, and global circuits of migration, and oceanic lines fed back into railway connections, white, black, Mexican, and Chinese immigrants descended on the border from all directions. Focusing on the multiple boundaries that intersected at the El Paso-Ciudad Juárez border – namely, the international boundary as well as the limits of Jim Crow that ended where Texas met New Mexico – this chapter shows how and why the late 19th century borderlands looked so promising for these diverse groups. It begins to develop a transborder framework for understanding immigration, emphasizing how the narrowing of economic opportunities, political rights, and social freedoms in both the United States and Mexico contributed to such diverse men and women coming together in the borderlands.

Redesigning GE Language

2022 ◽  
pp. 22-40
Author(s):  
Paula Cronovich ◽  
Jacqueline Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
The United States ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Faith Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Diverse Groups

This case study delineates changes enacted in the cultural program for beginning-level Spanish language students at a private, faith-based university. Given the restrictions of the pandemic insofar as virtual teaching and learning, as well as the national and international context of racial strife and inequities, the instructors took the opportunity to utilize antiracist pedagogy in order to reach the goals of meaningful content and measurable student outcomes. One of the General Education learning outcomes demonstrates how well students understand the “complex issues faced by diverse groups in global and/or cross-cultural contexts.” Within the context of Latin America and the Latina/Latino experience in the United States, the assignments focus on the intersections of race and gender as they relate to cultural expressions, ensuring that the approach does not obfuscate contributions nor realities of people of color.

Sleep and Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Tubbs ◽  
Michael A. Grandner
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Drowsy Driving ◽  
Insufficient Sleep ◽  
Disturbed Sleep ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Common Problems

Sleep is a core component of human physiology, supporting physical, mental, and emotional health. Unfortunately, insufficient sleep and insomnia are increasingly common problems both in the United States and around the world. Poor sleep is strongly associated with diabetes, obesity, and other cardiometabolic diseases. Pro-inflammatory states associated with disrupted sleep schedules and insufficient sleep are hypothesized as risk factors for cancer. Sleep disturbance impairs cognition and memory, increasing the likelihood of accidents and drowsy driving. Poor sleep is a common and exacerbating feature of many mental illnesses and may impair treatment response. Finally, the burden of insufficient sleep is calculated both in financial costs and increased mortality. Given this evidence, clinicians should recognize and treat disturbed sleep to decrease the risk of disease and improve overall quality of life.

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