scholarly journals Options of Natural Gas Pipeline Reassignment for Hydrogen: Cost Assessment for a Germany Case Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simonas Cerniauskas ◽  
Antonio Jose Chavez Junco ◽  
Thomas Grube ◽  
Martin Robinius ◽  
Detlef Stolten
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Cost Functions ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
System P ◽  
Availability Constraints ◽  
Hydrogen Supply

The uncertain role of the natural gas infrastructure in the decarbonized energy system and the limitations of hydrogen blending raise the question of whether natural gas pipelines can be economically utilized for the transport of hydrogen. To investigate this question, this study derives cost functions for the selected pipeline reassignment methods. By applying geospatial hydrogen supply chain modeling, the technical and economic potential of natural gas pipeline reassignment during a hydrogen market introduction is assessed.The results of this study show a technically viable potential of more than 80% of the analyzed representative German pipeline network. By comparing the derived pipeline cost functions it could be derived that pipeline reassignment can reduce the hydrogen transmission costs by more than 60%. Finally, a countrywide analysis of pipeline availability constraints for the year 2030 shows a cost reduction of the transmission system by 30% in comparison to a newly built hydrogen pipeline system.

scholarly journals Oil Free Compression on a Natural Gas Pipeline

1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Cataford ◽  
R. P. Lancee
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Magnetic Bearings ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Booster Compressor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gas Seals ◽  
Shaft Seals ◽  
Past Experiences

Oil entrainment in the natural gas stream together with maintenance associated with oil systems have been long standing problems in booster compressors on a natural gas pipeline system. The use of dry gas shaft seals and active magnetic bearings will effectively eliminate the use of oil systems in gas compression. The paper will deal with the history of TransCanada PipeLines’ past experiences with oil eliminating devices, the theory of dry gas seals and magnetic bearings, the effects on rotor dynamics of magnetic bearings and the recent installation of a set of seals and bearings in a booster compressor unit, in service on the TransCanada PipeLines system.

Planning for Purging and Loading of a Newly Constructed Gas Pipeline System Using a Pipeline Simulator

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mo Mohitpour ◽  
J. Kazakoff ◽  
Andrew Jenkins ◽  
David Montemurro
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Methane Gas ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Air Interface ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Constant Practice

Purging of a gas pipeline is the process of displacing the air/nitrogen by natural gas in an accepted constant practice in the natural gas pipeline industry. It is done when pipelines are put into service. Gas Pipelines are also purged out of service. In this case they are filled with air or other neutral gases. Traditionally, “purging” a newly constructed pipeline system is carried out by introducing high pressure gas into one end of the pipeline section to force air out of the pipeline through the outlet until 100% gas is detected at the outlet end. While this technique will achieve the purpose of purging air out of the pipeline, it gives little or no consideration to minimizing the emission of methane gas into the atmosphere. With the advances of the pipeline simulation technology, it is possible through simulation to develop a process to minimize the gas to air interface and thereby minimize the emission of methane gas. In addition, simulation can also be used to predict the timing of purging and loading of the pipeline. Therefore, scheduling of manpower and other activities can be more accurately interfaced. In this paper a brief background to purging together with a summary of current industry practices are provided. A simplified purging calculation method is described and a simulation technique using commercially available software is provided for planning purging and loading operations of gas pipeline systems. An Example is provided of a recently constructed pipeline (Mayakan Gas Pipeline System) in Mexico to demonstrate how the planning process was developed and carried out through the use of this simulation technique. Simulation results are compared with field data collected during the actual purging and loading of the Mayakan Pipeline.

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment and Retrofit of a Major Natural Gas Pipeline System: A Case History

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dharma Wijewickreme ◽  
Douglas Honegger ◽  
Allen Mitchell ◽  
Trevor Fitzell
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Ground Improvement ◽  
Lateral Spreading ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline Systems

The performance of pipeline systems during earthquakes is a critical consideration in seismically active areas. Unique approaches to quantitative estimation of regional seismic vulnerability were developed for a seismic vulnerability assessment and upgrading program of a 500-km-long natural gas pipeline system in British Columbia, Canada. Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading was characterized in a probabilistic manner and generic pipeline configurations were modeled using finite elements. These approaches, developed during the early part of this 10-year program, are more robust than typical approaches currently used to assess energy pipeline systems. The methodology deployed within a GIS environment provided rational means of distinguishing between seismically vulnerable sites, and facilitated the prioritization of remedial works. While ground improvement or pipeline retrofit measures were appropriate for upgrading most of the vulnerable sites, replacement of pipeline segments using horizontal directional drilling to avoid liquefiable zones were required for others.

scholarly journals Design and Application of a Natural Gas Pipeline Optimization Program

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Total System ◽  
Optimization Program ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Transmission Pipeline

A software package which optimizes natural gas pipeline operation for minimum fuel consumption is in use on a commercial transmission pipeline. This Optimization Program has resulted in pipeline fuel savings in daily pipeline operation. In addition, the effect of a new compressor/turbine unit on the pipeline system as a whole can be accurately and easily quantified through use of the Optimization Program before the unit is even installed. The results from one turbine replacement study showed the total system fuel consumption and operating hours predicted for each unit were not directly related to a high turbine efficiency. This paper describes the simulation techniques used for the gas turbine and compressor modeling. The methodology behind the system-wide optimization is also provided, along with a detailed discussion of the program application to gas turbine and compressor replacement studies.

Gas Supply Reliability Analysis of a Natural Gas Pipeline System Considering the Effects of Demand Side Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yichen Li ◽  
Jing Gong ◽  
Weichao Yu ◽  
Weihe Huang ◽  
Kai Wen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Demand Side Management ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Classification Rule ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
User Classification ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Gas Supply ◽  
Supply Reliability

Abstract At present, China has a developing natural gas market, and ensuring the security of gas supply is an issue of high concern. Gas supply reliability, the natural gas pipeline system's ability to satisfy the market demand, is determined by both supply side and demand side and is usually adopted by the researches to measure the security of gas supply. In the previous study, the demand side is usually simplified by using load duration curve (LDC) to describe the demand, which neglects the effect of demand side management. The simplification leads to the inaccurate and unreasonable assessment of the gas supply reliability, especially in high-demand situation. To overcome this deficiency and achieve a more reasonable result of gas supply reliability, this paper extends the previous study on demand side by proposing a novel method of management on natural gas demand side, and the effects of demand side management on gas supply reliability is analyzed. The management includes natural gas prediction models for different types of users, the user classification rule, and the demand adjustment model based on user classification. First, an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and a support vector machine (SVM) model are applied to predict the natural gas demand for different types of users, such as urban gas distributor (including residential customer, commercial customer, small industrial customer), power plant, large industrial customer, and compressed natural gas (CNG) station. Then, the user classification rule is built based on users' attribute and impact of supplied gas's interruption or reduction. Natural gas users are classified into four levels. (1) demand fully satisfied, (2) demand slightly reduced, (3) demand reduced, and (4) demand interrupted. The user classification rule also provides the demand reduction range of different users. Moreover, the optimization model of demand adjustment is built, and the objective of the model is to maximize the amount of gas supplied to each user based on the classification rule. The constraints of the model are determined by the classification rule, including the demand reduction range of different users. Finally, the improved method of gas supply reliability assessment is developed and is applied to the case study of our previous study derived from a realistic natural gas pipeline system operated by PetroChina to analyze the effects of demand side management on natural gas pipeline system's gas supply reliability.

SCC Integrity Management Case Study: Kinder Morgan Natural Gas Pipeline of America

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Davis ◽  
J. E. Marr ◽  
D. Venance
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Line System ◽  
Neutral Ph ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Management Case Study

Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America (NGPL), a subsidiary of Kinder Morgan, Inc., has been monitoring their pipeline system for the presence and severity of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) for more than thirty years. With the identification of near neutral pH SCC (also called low pH SCC) on this system, over the past five years NGPL has implemented a comprehensive SCC integrity management plan (IMP). Through their SCC IMP, NGPL has been finding and eliminating near critical near neutral pH SCC and other defects from their system, while using data from the program to obtain a better understanding of the relationship of SCC to existing pipe and environmental conditions. NGPL transports commercial quality natural gas to the Chicago area through a multi-line system that originates in various North American supply regions. The system right-of-way encompasses most of the American mid-west and crosses many physiographic areas. The pipelines have varying grades, diameters, and wall thicknesses, and were constructed at different times. Overall there are approximately 10,000 miles (16,000 kilometers) of pipeline that fall within the current NGPL SCC IMP. The primary purpose of this paper is to relate some of our experience with SCC on our system and describe the some of the innovative technical aspects of the existing in-house SCC IMP. This paper outlines some historical examples of the NGPL methodology for detecting near neutral pH SCC in pipeline steels using two or more separate pipeline investigation techniques. The basic steps of SCC direct assessment (DA) are described, as well as the process of integrating the predictive SCC model with in-line inspection (ILI) low level analysis signatures to determine the extent and severity of near neutral pH SCC on the NGPL pipeline system.

Reliability Calculation Method for Natural Gas Pipelines with Girth Weld Defects Identified through In-Line Inspection

2019 ◽  
Vol 795 ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Fei Li ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
Zheng Qiang Lei ◽  
Hong Long Zheng ◽  
Zai Rong Li
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Weld Defects ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Reliability Assessments

To introduce a method for reliability analysis of China's large-scale natural gas pipeline system, one should first have a method to calculate the reliability of pipe segments, compressors, valves, and other factors. This article models the rules prescribed in BS7910-2013, a guide to methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures, and combines pipeline reliability assessments from CSA Z662-2015 to present a method (based on the Monte Carlo method) to calculate the failure probability/reliability of long-distance pipelines containing a large number of girth weld defects. The method involves the destruction of plastic material, brittle fracture failure analysis, consideration of the division of units by using pipeline area classes for calculation, and reliability index analysis. The results of a magnetic flux leakage (MFL) in-line inspection (ILI) of a defective girth weld from a section of a pipeline in China are used to demonstrate how to determine the reliability of the entire pipeline.

Gas supply reliability analysis of a natural gas pipeline system considering the effects of underground gas storages

2019 ◽  
Vol 252 ◽  
pp. 113418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weichao Yu ◽  
Jing Gong ◽  
Shangfei Song ◽  
Weihe Huang ◽  
Yichen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Gas Supply ◽  
Supply Reliability

The Reliability-Based Assessment of an In-Service X80 Natural Gas Pipeline in China

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Wen ◽  
Jing Gong ◽  
Boyuan Zhao ◽  
Wenwei Zhang ◽  
Zhenyong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Industrial Practice ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
State Models ◽  
Basic Input

Guidelines for the application of reliability-based design and assessment to natural gas pipelines were developed under PRCI sponsorship in 2005. The methodology underlying these guidelines has since been adopted as a non-mandatory Annex in the CSA Z662 standard (Annex O). Following the code in CSA Z662 Annex O, the reliability analysis of an in-service X80 pipeline in North-West China is performed using Monte Carlo technique. In this paper, the distributions of basic input parameters such as loadings, material property is derived based on the data collected from industrial practice. And the analysis of limit states, such as yielding of the defect-free pipeline, bursting of the defect-free pipeline, local buckling due to restrained thermal expansion and excessive plastic deformation, is proceeded based on these distributions. The core of reliability analysis lies in the selection and correction of limit state functions. The modification and extension of limit state models is very significant to accurately calculate probability of failure of different natural gas pipelines, so the limit state models are refined to adapt to the specific work conditions in China. A Monte Carlo reliability analysis framework capable of incorporating the data of industrial practice and limit state models has been developed and applied to the evaluation of the X80 natural gas pipeline, then a practical approximation is developed by using Monte Carlo simulation results. A practical example of an in-service X80 natural gas pipeline is presented to illustrate the availability of the reliability analysis. Furthermore, results generated by different basic input parameters in a limit state function are compared. The sensitivity analysis shows the degree of influence of various basic parameters.

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