scholarly journals Quantifying the role of liquid hydrocarbons in the current and future energy balance of a self-sufficient Denmark

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Akbar Eftekhari
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Ipcc Report ◽  
The Future

Denmark is a pioneer in the large-scale extraction of the sustainable energy of the wind, especially in theelectricity sector which supplies most of the Danish electricity consumption. A combination of these recentDanish successes, and the increased societal demand for the reduction of carbon dioxide emission in light ofthe recent IPCC report, has created the expectation of a fast transition from fossil fuel to sustainable energyresources in all energy sectors. Although this transition is inevitable due to the unsustainable nature of fossilfuels and the declining Danish oil and gas production, there is still an ongoing discussion, sometimessupported by qualitative evidence, on its possibility, extent, and urgency.This paper that is inspired by a true story of an unsuccessful date between a petroleum engineeringcolleague and a Danish environmentalist has a quantitative look at the future energy balance of Denmark byestimating the future energy consumption of a typical Dane and comparing it with the available renewableand non-renewable energy resources. It also suggests and compares different scenarios for a self-sufficientDenmark with 100% renewable energy, considering the available land and shallow sea and the footprint ofthe energy extraction and storage methods in Denmark. The results show that if the intermittency problem ofthe wind energy is addressed in the future, there is still a large demand, mostly from the transport sector, forliquid fuels with high energy-density, which needs to be addressed by a paradigm shift in transporttechnologies or large scale implementation of power to fuel technologies with a sustainable carbon source.

Organic solvent-assisted free-standing Li2MnO3·LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 on 3D graphene as a high energy density cathode

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (91) ◽  
pp. 16381-16384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuelong Xin ◽  
Liya Qi ◽  
Yiwei Zhang ◽  
Zicheng Zuo ◽  
Henghui Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
3D Graphene ◽  
Active Particles

A novel organic solvent-assisted freeze-drying pathway, which can effectively protect and uniformly distribute active particles, is developed to fabricate a free-standing Li2MnO3·LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (LR)/rGO electrode on a large scale.

High energy density aqueous zinc–benzoquinone batteries enabled by carbon cloth with multiple anchoring effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiqiang Luo ◽  
Silin Zheng ◽  
Shuo Zhao ◽  
Xin Jiao ◽  
Zongshuai Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Porous Carbon ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Carbon Cloth ◽  
Anchoring Effects ◽  
High Theoretical Capacity ◽  
Energy Storage Applications

Benzoquinone with high theoretical capacity is anchored on N-plasma engraved porous carbon as a desirable cathode for rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion batteries. Such batteries display tremendous potential in large-scale energy storage applications.

scholarly journals Designing high energy density flow batteries by tuning active-material thermodynamics

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 5432-5443
Author(s):  
Shyam K. Pahari ◽  
Tugba Ceren Gokoglan ◽  
Benjoe Rey B. Visayas ◽  
Jennifer Woehl ◽  
James A. Golen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Active Material ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Density Flow ◽  
The Cost

With the cost of renewable energy near parity with fossil fuels, energy storage is paramount. We report a breakthrough on a bioinspired NRFB active-material, with greatly improved solubility, and place it in a predictive theoretical framework.

scholarly journals Nitrogen-enriched graphene framework from a large-scale magnesiothermic conversion of CO2 with synergistic kinetics for high-power lithium-ion capacitors

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Li ◽  
Xiong Zhang ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Xianzhong Sun ◽  
Yanan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
High Power ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Chemical Doping ◽  
Lithium Ion Capacitor

AbstractLithium-ion capacitors are envisaged as promising energy-storage devices to simultaneously achieve a large energy density and high-power output at quick charge and discharge rates. However, the mismatched kinetics between capacitive cathodes and faradaic anodes still hinder their practical application for high-power purposes. To tackle this problem, the electron and ion transport of both electrodes should be substantially improved by targeted structural design and controllable chemical doping. Herein, nitrogen-enriched graphene frameworks are prepared via a large-scale and ultrafast magnesiothermic combustion synthesis using CO2 and melamine as precursors, which exhibit a crosslinked porous structure, abundant functional groups and high electrical conductivity (10524 S m−1). The material essentially delivers upgraded kinetics due to enhanced ion diffusion and electron transport. Excellent capacities of 1361 mA h g−1 and 827 mA h g−1 can be achieved at current densities of 0.1 A g−1 and 3 A g−1, respectively, demonstrating its outstanding lithium storage performance at both low and high rates. Moreover, the lithium-ion capacitor based on these nitrogen-enriched graphene frameworks displays a high energy density of 151 Wh kg−1, and still retains 86 Wh kg−1 even at an ultrahigh power output of 49 kW kg−1. This study reveals an effective pathway to achieve synergistic kinetics in carbon electrode materials for achieving high-power lithium-ion capacitors.

scholarly journals From natural to artificial photosynthesis

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (81) ◽  
pp. 20120984 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Barber ◽  
Phong D. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Nuclear Fusion ◽  
Fusion Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Chemical Bonds ◽  
Natural Photosynthesis

Demand for energy is projected to increase at least twofold by mid-century relative to the present global consumption because of predicted population and economic growth. This demand could be met, in principle, from fossil energy resources, particularly coal. However, the cumulative nature of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions demands that stabilizing the atmospheric CO 2 levels to just twice their pre-anthropogenic values by mid-century will be extremely challenging, requiring invention, development and deployment of schemes for carbon-neutral energy production on a scale commensurate with, or larger than, the entire present-day energy supply from all sources combined. Among renewable and exploitable energy resources, nuclear fusion energy or solar energy are by far the largest. However, in both cases, technological breakthroughs are required with nuclear fusion being very difficult, if not impossible on the scale required. On the other hand, 1 h of sunlight falling on our planet is equivalent to all the energy consumed by humans in an entire year. If solar energy is to be a major primary energy source, then it must be stored and despatched on demand to the end user. An especially attractive approach is to store solar energy in the form of chemical bonds as occurs in natural photosynthesis. However, a technology is needed which has a year-round average conversion efficiency significantly higher than currently available by natural photosynthesis so as to reduce land-area requirements and to be independent of food production. Therefore, the scientific challenge is to construct an ‘artificial leaf’ able to efficiently capture and convert solar energy and then store it in the form of chemical bonds of a high-energy density fuel such as hydrogen while at the same time producing oxygen from water. Realistically, the efficiency target for such a technology must be 10 per cent or better. Here, we review the molecular details of the energy capturing reactions of natural photosynthesis, particularly the water-splitting reaction of photosystem II and the hydrogen-generating reaction of hydrogenases. We then follow on to describe how these two reactions are being mimicked in physico-chemical-based catalytic or electrocatalytic systems with the challenge of creating a large-scale robust and efficient artificial leaf technology.

scholarly journals Development on Thermochemical Energy Storage Based on CaO-Based Materials: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Yuan ◽  
Yingjie Li ◽  
Jianli Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Hydration Reaction ◽  
Initial Sample ◽  
Storage Performance ◽  
Low Activity

The intermittent and inconsistent nature of some renewable energy, such as solar and wind, means the corresponding plants are unable to operate continuously. Thermochemical energy storage (TES) is an essential way to solve this problem. Due to the advantages of cheap price, high energy density, and ease to scaling, CaO-based material is thought as one of the most promising storage mediums for TES. In this paper, TES based on various cycles, such as CaO/CaCO3 cycles, CaO/Ca(OH)2 cycles, and coupling of CaO/Ca(OH)2 and CaO/CaCO3 cycles, were reviewed. The energy storage performances of CaO-based materials, as well as the modification approaches to improve their performance, were critically reviewed. The natural CaO-based materials for CaO/Ca(OH)2 TES experienced the multiple hydration/dehydration cycles tend to suffer from severe sintering which leads to the low activity and structural stability. It is found that higher dehydration temperature, lower initial sample temperature of the hydration reaction, higher vapor pressure in the hydration reactor, and the use of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactors all can improve the energy storage performance of CaO-based materials. In addition, the energy storage performance of CaO-based materials for CaO/Ca(OH)2 TES can be effectively improved by the various modification methods. The additions of Al2O3, Na2Si3O7, and nanoparticles of nano-SiO2 can improve the structural stabilities of CaO-based materials, while the addition of LiOH can improve the reactivities of CaO-based materials. This paper is devoted to a critical review on the development on thermochemical energy storage based on CaO-based materials in the recent years.

scholarly journals Analysis of Small Hydropower Generation Potential : (2) Future Prospect of the Potential Under Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaewon Jung ◽  
Sungeun Jung ◽  
Junhyeong Lee ◽  
Myungjin Lee ◽  
Hung Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Power Generation ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Future Prospect ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
Hydropower Generation ◽  
Small Hydropower ◽  
The Future

The interest in renewable energy to replace fossil fuel is increasing as the problem caused by climate change become more severe. Small hydropower (SHP) is evaluated as a resource with high development value because of its high energy density compared to other renewable energy sources. SHP may be an attractive and sustainable power generation environmental perspective because of its potential to be found in small rivers and streams. The power generation potential could be estimated based on the discharge in the river basin. Since the river discharge depends on the climate conditions, the hydropower generation potential changes sensitively according to climate variability. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the SHP potential in consideration of future climate change. In this study, the future prospect of SHP potential is simulated for the period of 2021 to 2100 considering the climate change in three hydropower plants of Deoksong, Hanseok, and Socheon stations, Korea. As the results, SHP potential for the near future (2021 to 2040) shows a tendency to be increased and the highest increase is 23.4% at the Deoksong SPH plant. Through the result of future prospect, we have shown that hydroelectric power generation capacity or SHP potential will be increased in the future. Therefore, we believe that it is necessary to revitalize the development of SHP in order to expand the use of renewable energy. Also, a methodology presented in this study could be used for the future prospect of the small hydropower potential.

scholarly journals LQR control of interleaved double dual boost converter for electrical vehicles and renewable energy conversion

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1240
Author(s):  
J. S. V. Siva Kumar ◽  
P. Mallikarjunarao
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Boost Converters ◽  
Lqr Control ◽  
Electrical Vehicles

<p>The automobile industry is one of the major industries that are having its new innovations at a great pace according to the requirements of the day-to-day life. Due to the usage of conventional vehicles on a large scale which usually use petroleum products as fuel, is leading to a vast environmental effect, mainly due to the emission of greenhouse gases. So in order to reduce the ill effects of the greenhouse gas emissions great efforts are being put in   manufacturing of electrical vehicles. Among the currently available greenhouse technologies the fuel cell provides high energy density in spite of its expenses. So, in this aspect a required mechanism has to be adopted to make it energy efficient and affordable. In order to overcome the drawback of fuel cell i.e. low output voltage, the boost converters are to be used and to be more precise Non-isolated Interleaved Double Dual Boost (IDDB) converters are recommended which makes it efficient and also the reduction of overall vehicle weight can be achieved. The LQR control technique is applied in this work to make the transient response of the fuel cell powered IDDB converter for various load conditions effective. The verification of results is done with simulation techniques using MATLAB/Simulink.</p>

Manganese phosphoxide/Ni5P4 hybrids as an anode material for high energy density and rate potassium-ion storage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen Yang ◽  
Ting Li ◽  
Yiwei Tan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Potassium Ion ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Active Materials ◽  
Ion Storage

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) that serve as low-cost and large-scale secondary batteries are regarded as promising alternatives and supplement to lithium-ion batteries. Hybrid active materials can be featured with the synergistic...

Interfacial electron modulation of MoS2/black phosphorus heterostructure toward high-rate and high-energy density half/full sodium-ion batteries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenrui Zhang ◽  
Tingting Liang ◽  
Huilong Dong ◽  
Junjun Li ◽  
Junyu Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Anode Materials ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrochemical Reaction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
High Rate ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Sodium Ion Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as promising candidates for large-scale energy storage. However, viable anode materials still suffer from sluggish electrochemical reaction kinetics and huge volume expansion during cycling,...

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