scholarly journals Representation of letter and syllable position in Korean orthographic processing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang ◽  
Kathleen Rastle
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Reference Stimulus ◽  
Orthographic Representation ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Processing Stream ◽  
Orthographic Representations ◽  
Orthographic Coding ◽  
Korean Hangul ◽  
Syllable Position

Research suggests that readers of Korean Hangul are characterised by precise orthographic coding. In contrast to findings from many Indo-European languages, the recognition of Hangul words is not speeded by prior masked presentation of transposed-letter or transposed-syllable primes relative to substitution primes. The present studies asked whether evidence for precise orthographic coding is also observed in the same-different task – a task claimed to reflect pre-lexical orthographic representations. Experiments tested whether masked transposed-syllable (Experiment 1) or transposed-letter (Experiment 2) primes facilitate judgments about whether a target matches a reference stimulus. In contrast to previous results using lexical decision, robust transposition effects were observed in both cases compared to substitution primes. These findings add weight to the proposition that position invariance is a universal characteristic of orthographic representation, although results also raise questions about how the orthographic processing stream should be characterised.

scholarly journals Masked transposition priming effects are observed in Korean in the same–different task

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182199733
Author(s):  
Chang H Lee ◽  
Clare Lally ◽  
Kathleen Rastle
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Reference Stimulus ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Identification Process ◽  
Orthographic Representations ◽  
Orthographic Coding ◽  
Korean Hangul ◽  
Block Experiment

Research suggests that readers of Korean Hangul demonstrate precise orthographic coding. In contrast to findings from many other languages, the identification of Hangul words is not speeded by prior masked presentation of transposition primes relative to substitution primes. The present studies asked whether evidence for precise orthographic coding is also observed in the same–different task—a task claimed to reflect pre-lexical orthographic representations. Experiments tested whether masked transposed-letter (Experiment 1) or transposed-syllable-block (Experiment 2) primes facilitate judgements about whether a target matches a reference stimulus. In contrast to previous results using lexical decision, significant transposition effects were observed in both cases. These findings add weight to the proposition that apparent differences across writing systems in the precision of orthographic coding may reflect demands of the word identification process rather than properties of orthographic representations themselves.

The impact of consonant–vowel transpositions on masked priming effects in Italian and English

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Lucia Colombo ◽  
Giacomo Spinelli ◽  
Stephen J Lupker
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Orthographic Coding ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Orthographic Code

There are now a number of reports in the literature that transposed letter (TL) priming effects emerge when two consonants are transposed (e.g., caniso-CASINO) but not when two vowels are transposed (e.g., cinaso-CASINO). In the present article, four masked priming lexical decision experiments, two in Italian and two in English, are reported in which TL priming effects involving the transposition of two adjacent consonants (e.g., atnenna-ANTENNA) were contrasted with those involving the transposition of a vowel and an adjacent consonant (e.g., anetnna-ANTENNA), a contrast not directly examined in the previous literature. In none of the experiments was there any indication that the priming effects were different sizes for the two types of transpositions, including Experiment 4 in which a sandwich priming paradigm was used. These results support the assumption of most orthographic coding models that the consonant–vowel status of the letters is not relevant to the nature of the orthographic code. The question of how to reconcile these results with other TL manipulations investigating vowel versus consonant transpositions is discussed.

scholarly journals The role of sublexical variables in reading fluency development among Spanish children

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 858-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta ÁLVAREZ-CAÑIZO ◽  
Paz SUÁREZ-COALLA ◽  
Fernando CUETOS
Keyword(s):  
Reading Fluency ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Orthographic Representation ◽  
New Words ◽  
Orthographic Representations ◽  
Syllabic Structure ◽  
Context Dependent

AbstractSeveral studies have found that, after repeated exposure to new words, children form orthographic representations that allow them to read those words faster and more fluently. However, these studies did not take into account variables related to the words. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sublexical variables on the formation of orthographic representations of words by Spanish children. The first experiment used pseudo-words of varying syllabic structure and syllabic frequency. The stimuli for the second experiment were formed with or without context-dependent graphemes. We found that formation of orthographic representations was influenced by syllabic structure (easier for words with simple syllabic structure) and the context-dependency of graphemes (easier in the absence of context-dependent graphemes), but not syllabic frequency. These results indicate that the easier it is to read a word, the easier it is to form an orthographic representation of it.

The locus of Katakana–English masked phonological priming effects

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIKO ANDO ◽  
KAZUNAGA MATSUKI ◽  
HEATHER SHERIDAN ◽  
DEBRA JARED
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Phonological Priming ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Orthographic Representations ◽  
Latency Distributions ◽  
Japanese English

Japanese–English bilinguals completed a masked phonological priming study with Japanese Katakana primes and English targets. Event related potential (ERP) data were collected in addition to lexical decision responses. A cross-script phonological priming effect was observed in both measures, and the effect did not interact with frequency. In the ERP data, the phonological priming effect was evident before the frequency effect. These data, along with analyses of response latency distributions, provide evidence that the cross-script phonological priming effects were the consequence of the activation of sublexical phonological representations in a store shared by both Japanese and English. This activation fed back to sublexical and lexical orthographic representations, influencing lexical decision latencies. The implications for the Bilingual Interactive Activation (BIA+) model of word recognition are discussed.

The devil is in the details of hand movement

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Cheng Lin ◽  
Ashley S. Bangert ◽  
Ana I. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Decision Performance ◽  
Lexical Activation ◽  
Orthographic Coding ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
The Devil

Research with native-speaking monolinguals demonstrates that orthographic coding during lexical access is flexible in terms of letter positioning. Evidence for this comes in part from the observation of priming from transposed-letter (TL) non-words (jugde/judge), which is assumed to arise from spread of activation throughout an orthographically-defined neighborhood. The present study tested the hypothesis that, for bilinguals, orthographic coding of letter position is influenced by cross-language lexical activation. TL non-words were created from English-Spanish cognates that differed in their degree of orthographic overlap as well as from non-cognates. In Experiment 1, these served as primes in a masked lexical decision task. In Experiment 2, they were presented as targets in a mouse-tracking lexical decision task. In both experiments Spanish-­English bilinguals’ lexical decision performance reflected greater TL priming for cognates relative to non-cognates and for cognates with more orthographic overlap relative to cognates with less orthographic overlap.

scholarly journals The Impact of Phonological and Orthographic Processing on Reading Speed in Russian-Speaking Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
Nina Zdorova ◽  
◽  
Anastasiia Kaprielova ◽  
Anastasiya Lopukhina ◽  
Ksenia Bartseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reading Speed ◽  
Reading Development ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Relative Impact ◽  
Behavioral Tests ◽  
Young Readers ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Impact

Phonological and orthographic processing are reported to be among the strongest predictors of reading development across different Indo-European languages. The relative impact of these factors can be modulated by cross-linguistic script and orthographic differences, as evidenced by many studies in European languages. The present study investigates the effect of phonological and orthographic processing on reading speed in 6- to 12-year-old (1 – 5 grades) Russian-speaking children (N = 117), taking into account age as a factor as well. Phonological and orthographic processing were assessed with behavioral tests. The results revealed that both skills predict reading speed in Russian. Moreover, the age of young readers can also be a non-linguistic predictor of reading speed in Russian, especially in children between 6 and 10 years old. Children aged 10 to 12 also demonstrated some variability in reading speed, although an increase in reading speed was no longer observed.

Word frequency and morphological processing in Finnish revisited

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Soveri ◽  
Minna Lehtonen ◽  
Matti Laine
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Morphological Processing ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Full Form ◽  
Very High ◽  
Visual Lexical Decision

The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of word frequency on morphological processing of inflected words in Finnish, and to re-test previous results obtained for high frequency inflected words in Finnish which suggest that inflected words of high frequency might have full-form representations in the mental lexicon. Our results from three visual lexical decision experiments with monolingual Finnish speakers suggest that only very high frequency inflected Finnish words have full-form representations. This finding differs from results obtained from related studies in morphologically more limited Indo-European languages, in which full-form representations for inflected words seem to exist at a much lower level of frequency than in the morphologically rich Finnish language.

What is special about orthographic processing?

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Grainger ◽  
Thomas Hannagan
Keyword(s):  
Word Reading ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Orthographic Representations ◽  
Generic Architecture ◽  
Object Parts ◽  
Single Word Reading

Starting from a generic architecture for reading words in alphabetic scripts, we examine the special status of letters as the building block of single word reading. After briefly describing the overall architecture that defines the interaction between orthographic and phonological processes during silent reading for meaning, we then focus on orthographic processing. We describe the nature of orthographic representations as hypothesized in our approach and we discuss how such representations might be learned during reading acquisition. We present the hypothesis that such learning involves the adaptation of basic object identification mechanisms to the specific constraints of reading, and we provide examples of this adaptation. In the light of this, we then compare the function of letters as constituents of written words relative to the role of object parts in other kinds of familiar visual stimuli (e.g. faces, numbers). We explain why we think letters must have a special status and we provide some preliminary empirical evidence in favor of this special status for letters as parts of words. Keywords: reading; orthography; visual word recognition; orthographic learning; letter strings; object identification

scholarly journals Word or Word-like? Dissociating Orthographic Typicality from Lexicality in the Left Occipito-temporal Cortex

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 992-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Woollams ◽  
Giorgia Silani ◽  
Kayoko Okada ◽  
Karalyn Patterson ◽  
Cathy J. Price
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Distributed Network ◽  
Occipital Region ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Lexical Decisions ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Posterior Anterior

Prior lesion and functional imaging studies have highlighted the importance of the left ventral occipito-temporal (LvOT) cortex for visual word recognition. Within this area, there is a posterior–anterior hierarchy of subregions that are specialized for different stages of orthographic processing. The aim of the present fMRI study was to dissociate the effects of subword orthographic typicality (e.g., cider [high] vs. cynic [low]) from the effect of lexicality (e.g., pollen [word] vs. pillen [pseudoword]). We therefore orthogonally manipulated the orthographic typicality of written words and pseudowords (nonwords and pseudohomophones) in a visual lexical decision task. Consistent with previous studies, we identified greater activation for pseudowords than words (i.e., an effect of lexicality) in posterior LvOT cortex. In addition, we revealed higher activation for atypical than typical strings, irrespective of lexicality, in a left inferior occipital region that is posterior to LvOT cortex. When lexical decisions were made more difficult in the context of pseudohomophone foils, left anterior temporal activation also increased for atypical relative to typical strings. The latter finding agrees with the behavior of patients with progressive anterior temporal lobe degeneration, who have particular difficulty recognizing words with atypical orthography. The most novel outcome of this study is that, within a distributed network of regions supporting orthographic processing, we have identified a left inferior occipital region that is particularly sensitive to the typicality of subword orthographic patterns.

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