scholarly journals The Impact of Phonological and Orthographic Processing on Reading Speed in Russian-Speaking Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
Nina Zdorova ◽  
◽  
Anastasiia Kaprielova ◽  
Anastasiya Lopukhina ◽  
Ksenia Bartseva ◽  
...  

Phonological and orthographic processing are reported to be among the strongest predictors of reading development across different Indo-European languages. The relative impact of these factors can be modulated by cross-linguistic script and orthographic differences, as evidenced by many studies in European languages. The present study investigates the effect of phonological and orthographic processing on reading speed in 6- to 12-year-old (1 – 5 grades) Russian-speaking children (N = 117), taking into account age as a factor as well. Phonological and orthographic processing were assessed with behavioral tests. The results revealed that both skills predict reading speed in Russian. Moreover, the age of young readers can also be a non-linguistic predictor of reading speed in Russian, especially in children between 6 and 10 years old. Children aged 10 to 12 also demonstrated some variability in reading speed, although an increase in reading speed was no longer observed.

Author(s):  
James W. E. Dickey ◽  
Neil E. Coughlan ◽  
Jaimie T. A. Dick ◽  
Vincent Médoc ◽  
Monica McCard ◽  
...  

AbstractThe influence of climate change on the ecological impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) remains understudied, with deoxygenation of aquatic environments often-overlooked as a consequence of climate change. Here, we therefore assessed how oxygen saturation affects the ecological impact of a predatory invasive fish, the Ponto-Caspian round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), relative to a co-occurring endangered European native analogue, the bullhead (Cottus gobio) experiencing decline in the presence of the IAS. In individual trials and mesocosms, we assessed the effect of high, medium and low (90%, 60% and 30%) oxygen saturation on: (1) functional responses (FRs) of the IAS and native, i.e. per capita feeding rates; (2) the impact on prey populations exerted; and (3) how combined impacts of both fishes change over invasion stages (Pre-invasion, Arrival, Replacement, Proliferation). Both species showed Type II potentially destabilising FRs, but at low oxygen saturation, the invader had a significantly higher feeding rate than the native. Relative Impact Potential, combining fish per capita effects and population abundances, revealed that low oxygen saturation exacerbates the high relative impact of the invader. The Relative Total Impact Potential (RTIP), modelling both consumer species’ impacts on prey populations in a system, was consistently higher at low oxygen saturation and especially high during invader Proliferation. In the mesocosm experiment, low oxygen lowered RTIP where both species were present, but again the IAS retained high relative impact during Replacement and Proliferation stages at low oxygen. We also found evidence of multiple predator effects, principally antagonism. We highlight the threat posed to native communities by IAS alongside climate-related stressors, but note that solutions may be available to remedy hypoxia and potentially mitigate impacts across invasion stages.


Author(s):  
Elvys Linhares Pontes ◽  
Luis Adrián Cabrera-Diego ◽  
Jose G. Moreno ◽  
Emanuela Boros ◽  
Ahmed Hamdi ◽  
...  

AbstractDigital libraries have a key role in cultural heritage as they provide access to our culture and history by indexing books and historical documents (newspapers and letters). Digital libraries use natural language processing (NLP) tools to process these documents and enrich them with meta-information, such as named entities. Despite recent advances in these NLP models, most of them are built for specific languages and contemporary documents that are not optimized for handling historical material that may for instance contain language variations and optical character recognition (OCR) errors. In this work, we focused on the entity linking (EL) task that is fundamental to the indexation of documents in digital libraries. We developed a Multilingual Entity Linking architecture for HIstorical preSS Articles that is composed of multilingual analysis, OCR correction, and filter analysis to alleviate the impact of historical documents in the EL task. The source code is publicly available. Experimentation has been done over two historical documents covering five European languages (English, Finnish, French, German, and Swedish). Results have shown that our system improved the global performance for all languages and datasets by achieving an F-score@1 of up to 0.681 and an F-score@5 of up to 0.787.


Author(s):  
Dr. S.K.S. Yadav ◽  

COVID-19 has affected the entire world. India, like other countries have adopted the safest way of lockdown in order to prevent the pandemic. One of the most critical impact of lockdown is increasing inflation. Covid-19 has affected the economy in many ways, but the most tangible outcome is the impact of inflation that has affected each and every person. Even into the pandemic, Inflation in India did not see it going below 6%. Inflation has been one of the most burning issue of economics. It is an increase in the prices of daily commodities over a period. This paper is an attempt to understand the impact of inflation on Indian economy during COVID-19. The paper looks at the methods that are used to measure the level of inflation, and the factors that are responsible for the current high level of inflation in India during COVID-19.


Tekstualia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (65) ◽  
pp. 69-88
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wieczorkiewicz

The article presents a cross-sectional view of the impact of the translations of English-language juvenile literature of the Golden Age on Polish literary production for young readers. This panorama of infl uences and reception modes is presented in three comparative close-ups, dealing with characters and recipients (English ‘girls’ novels’ and their Polish equivalents), literary convention (adventure novels), and fairytale quality, imagination, and fantasy (Polish literary works inspired by English classic fantasy books). The study shows that Golden Age children’s literature transferred into Polish by means of translation brought new trends, motifs, genres and themes to Polish juvenile literature, signifi cantly contributing to its development.


2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
USHA GOSWAMI ◽  
MARTIN EAST

Goswami and Bryant (1990) proposed a theory of reading development based on three causal connections. One of these causal connections was based on the relationship between rhyming skills and reading development found in English. To explain this connection, they suggested that young readers of English used analogies based on rimes as one means of deciphering the alphabetic code. This proposal has recently become the subject of some debate. The most serious critique has been advanced by Seymour and his colleagues (Duncan, Seymour, & Hill, 1997; Seymour & Duncan, 1997; Seymour & Evans, 1994). These authors reported a series of studies with Scottish schoolchildren which, they claim, show that progression in normal reading acquisition is from a small unit (phonemic) approach in the initial stage to a large unit (rime-based) approach at a later stage. Two experiments are presented which replicate those conducted by Seymour and his group with samples of English schoolchildren. Different results are found. It is argued that methodological and instructional factors may be very important for the conceptual interpretation of studies attempting to pit “small” units (phonemes) against “large” units (onsets and rimes) in reading. In particular, it is necessary to consider whether a given phonological awareness task requires the recognition of shared phonological segments (“epilinguistic” processing) or the identification and production of shared phonological segments (metalinguistic processing). It is also important to take into account the nature of the literacy instruction being implemented in participating schools. If the phonological aspects of this tuition focus solely on phonemes (small units), then poor rime-level (large unit) performance may be found in metalinguistic tasks.


Anthropology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Tavárez

Historical linguistics is a discipline with strong interdisciplinary connections to sociocultural anthropology, ethnohistory, and archaeology. While the study of language change and etymology can be traced back to ancient societies in the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Asia, a number of important methodological approaches emerged in the late 18th century, when European scholars who were engaged in colonial administration set the foundations for research in Indo-European languages. Contemporary historical linguistics has maintained a focus on several large-scale questions, such as the origins of the language faculty; the classification and typology of the world’s languages; the time depth of major language changes; ancient writing systems; the impact of linguistic and cultural contacts on language change; the emergence of pidgins and creoles; the influence of colonial expansion and evangelization projects on language change; and the interface among literacy practices, language change, and the social order. This article outlines all of these important inquiries, with a particular stress on the sustained interaction among historical linguistics, anthropology, and ethnohistory. This survey has two focii: the first one is languages of the Americas, and the second one is ethnohistorical and philological methodology. This choice in focus conveys existing historical strengths and showcases our current knowledge about language contact and language change in the Americas.


2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Changchuan Jiang ◽  
Liana Fraenkel

Background. Numerous studies have found that cost strongly influences patients’ decision making. The objective of this study was to explore the impact of varying cost formats on patients’ preferences. Methods. Mechanical Turk workers completed a choice-based conjoint (CBC) survey. The CBC survey was designed to examine stated preferences for the use of second-line agents to treat diabetes across 5 attributes: route of administration, efficacy, risk of low blood sugar, frequency of checking blood sugar levels, and cost. We developed 7 versions of the CBC survey that were identical except for the cost attribute. We described cost in terms of: Affordability, Monthly Co-pay, Dollar Sign Rating, How Expensive, or How Cheap compared with other medications, Working Hours Equivalent (per mo) and Percent of Monthly Income. The resulting part-worth utilities were used to calculate the relative importance of cost and to estimate treatment preferences for exenatide, a sulfonylurea, and insulin. Results. The relative impact of cost varied significantly across the 7 formats. Cost had the greatest influence on participants’ decisions when framed in terms of Affordability [mean (SD) relative importance, 37.3 (0.9)] and the lowest influence when framed in terms of How Cheap (compared with other drugs) [12.1 (0.9)]. A sulfonylurea was strongly preferred across 4 of the 7 formats. Preference for insulin, the most effective, albeit riskiest, option was low across all cost formats. Conclusions. The format used to describe cost affects how the attribute impacts patients’ preferences. Individuals are most cost-sensitive when cost is framed in terms of affordability and least cost-sensitive when cost is described in terms of how cheap the medication is compared with others.


2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne Pearce

Watts, Irene N., Touched by Fire. Toronto: Tundra Books, 2013. Print.In the first decade of the 20th century, Miriam Markovitz and her family have fled their small town in the country to live in Kiev. She and her family are Jewish and the Tsar does not favor Jews. After narrowly escaping the pogroms, Miriam’s father Sam dreams of taking the whole family to America. Known as the “Golden Land”, in America Jews are free of persecution.     Over the next few years the family relocates to Berlin where Miriam’s parents and grandparents work hard to save enough money. The plan is for Sam to travel to New York ahead of the family. Miriam is fourteen years old when the first set of tickets to America arrives in the mail from her father. Leaving on the adventure of their lives, the Markovitz family must endure illnesses, family quarrels, and filth. For Miriam it seems crossing the ocean is the hardest thing she has very done, but she is destined to witness an even worse tragedy in her new country.     Touched By Fire is an enlightening story that brings to light many of the injustices Jews were forced to face, long before the anti-Semitism of the Nazis’ era. It is easy to form an attachment to the characters, and I found myself hoping and worrying for the Markovitz family. Miriam is especially vivid and comes out clearly as a strong and self-sacrificing heroine.These positive points aside, there were some peculiarities about this book that stood out in my mind. Firstly, Miriam’s journey is relatively tame, especially when you consider how graphic young adult literature has become. While there is a fair share of danger and hardship in the journey, Watts has left the harsher struggles to be faced by minor characters, leaving Miriam as merely a witness. I would also have liked more development of the characters Miriam met along the way. Leaving these characters underdeveloped reduced the impact of their struggles and made Miriam’s feelings about them somewhat flat. Finally, I must admit to some puzzlement as to why Watts chose to give the book the title Touched By Fire, as it refers strictly to the tragedy detailed in the conclusion, when most of the book’s focus is on Miriam’s journey and her maturation.In considering these criticisms alongside the overall story, I found myself divided as to how I felt about the book. I have to conclude that younger readers may not be drawn to these inconsistences and nuances, but would rather enjoy the story for the picture it paints of the time period. I have therefore given the book three out four stars. Touched by Fire is most suitable for children ages 9-13 and would be enjoyed by young readers that enjoy historical fiction.Recommended: 3 out of 4 starsReviewer: Hanne PearceHanne Pearce has worked at the University of Alberta Libraries in various support staff positions since 2004 and is currently a Public Service Assistant at the Rutherford Humanities and Social Sciences Library. In 2010 she completed her MLIS at the University of Alberta. Aside from being an avid reader she has continuing interests in writing, photography, graphic design and knitting.


2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-339
Author(s):  
Pauline Schröter ◽  
Sascha Schroeder

AbstractInvestigating the impact of linguistic characteristics on visual word recognition in children, we studied whether differences in native (L1) and second language (L2) processing already emerge at the beginning of reading development. German elementary school students in grades 2 to 6 completed a battery of standardized tests and a lexical decision task (LDT). Though L1 speakers outperformed L2 speakers on German skills, groups did not differ in their overall performance on the LDT. However, results from mixed-effect models revealed greater effects for word frequency and length in L2 over L1 speakers, indicating qualitative differences in the sensitivity to linguistic information between groups. This distinction persisted across all grades and after controlling for differences in vocabulary size and reading fluency. Findings extend evidence provided for adult L2 processing, suggesting that varying language exposure shapes the development of the word-recognition system already in the early stages of reading development.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang ◽  
Kathleen Rastle

Research suggests that readers of Korean Hangul are characterised by precise orthographic coding. In contrast to findings from many Indo-European languages, the recognition of Hangul words is not speeded by prior masked presentation of transposed-letter or transposed-syllable primes relative to substitution primes. The present studies asked whether evidence for precise orthographic coding is also observed in the same-different task – a task claimed to reflect pre-lexical orthographic representations. Experiments tested whether masked transposed-syllable (Experiment 1) or transposed-letter (Experiment 2) primes facilitate judgments about whether a target matches a reference stimulus. In contrast to previous results using lexical decision, robust transposition effects were observed in both cases compared to substitution primes. These findings add weight to the proposition that position invariance is a universal characteristic of orthographic representation, although results also raise questions about how the orthographic processing stream should be characterised.


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