To follow or not to follow your gaze: The interplay between strategic control and the eye contact effect on gaze-induced attention orienting.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyveli Kompatsiari ◽  
Francesca Ciardo ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Eye Contact ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Strategic Control ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Social Component ◽  
Cueing Effect ◽  
The Social

Eye contact constitutes a strong communicative signal in human interactions and has been shown to modulate various cognitive processes and states. However, little is known about its impact on gaze-mediated attentional orienting in the context of its interplay with strategic top-down control. Here, we aimed at investigating how the social component of eye contact interacts with the top-down strategic control. To this end, we designed a gaze cueing paradigm with iCub humanoid robot, in which iCub either established eye contact with the participants before averting its gaze or avoided their eyes. Across four experiments, we manipulated gaze cue validity to either elicit strategic top-down inhibitory activity (25% validity) or to allow for relaxing the control mechanisms (50% validity). Also, we manipulated the stimulus-onset-asynchrony (SOA) to examine the dynamics of the top-down modulatory effects. Our results showed that eye contact influenced the gaze cueing effect when the strategic control was not required, by prolonging the prioritized processing of the gazed-at locations. Thus, the effect was observed only when the measurement was taken after a sufficient amount of time (1000 ms SOA). However, when inhibitory control was necessary (25% validity), the social component was not potent enough to exert influence over the gaze cueing effect independently. Overall, we propose that strategic top-down control is the primary driving force over the gaze cueing effect and that the social aspect plays a modulatory effect by prolonging prioritized processing of gazed-at locations.

scholarly journals On the role of eye contact in gaze cueing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyveli Kompatsiari ◽  
Francesca Ciardo ◽  
Vadim Tikhanoff ◽  
Giorgio Metta ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Reflexive Orienting ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Human Eyes

Most experimental protocols examining joint attention with the gaze cueing paradigm are “observational” and “offline”, thereby not involving social interaction. We examined whether within a naturalistic online interaction, real-time eye contact influences the gaze cueing effect (GCE). We embedded gaze cueing in an interactive protocol with the iCub humanoid robot. This has the advantage of ecological validity combined with excellent experimental control. Critically, before averting the gaze, iCub either established eye contact or not, a manipulation enabled by an algorithm detecting position of the human eyes. For non-predictive gaze cueing procedure (Experiment 1), only the eye contact condition elicited GCE, while for counter-predictive procedure (Experiment 2), only the condition with no eye contact induced GCE. These results reveal an interactive effect of strategic (gaze validity) and social (eye contact) top-down components on the reflexive orienting of attention induced by gaze cues. More generally, we propose that naturalistic protocols with an embodied presence of an agent can cast a new light on mechanisms of social cognition.

The influence of face race on the gaze cueing effect: Eye tracking method

2018 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. S130
Author(s):  
G.Ya. Menshikova ◽  
E.G. Luniakova ◽  
A.I. Kovalev
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking Method ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Cueing Effect

A functional but atypical self: Influence of self-relevant processing on the gaze cueing effect in autism spectrum disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1522-1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Zhao ◽  
Shota Uono ◽  
Sayaka Yoshimura ◽  
Motomi Toichi
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Cueing Effect

scholarly journals Social orienting of attention: A meta-analytic review of the gaze-cueing effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1977
Author(s):  
Kate T McKay ◽  
Sarah A Grainger ◽  
Sarah P Coundouris ◽  
Daniel P Skorich ◽  
Louise H Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Orienting ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Cueing Effect ◽  
Analytic Review

scholarly journals Social coldness induces a preference for warmer colors: revealing a social aspect of thermal comfort through the use of a word-scrambling test

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne N. Delevoye-Turrell
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Interior Design ◽  
Light Therapy ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Physical Aspect ◽  
Social Component ◽  
The Social ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
New Guidelines

Thermal comfort is a condition of mind, which expresses that one’s central body temperature is close to its optimal value. In addition to the purely physical aspect of temperature-regulation principles, we question here the existence of a social component to thermal comfort.Thirty-five adults performed first a scrambled-sentence test that included (or not) words suggesting social exclusion. Participants were then presented with a forced choice task for which they had to select a preferred color between two. Colors were selected as a function of three categories of thermal warmth. Results revealed that those individuals who were primed with social exclusion were more likely to choose warmer colors than those who had not received priming.These findings suggest that thermal comfort includes a social component that predicts our preferences for warmer environments, providing new guidelines for the social benefits of light-therapy and color interior design.

scholarly journals “Avoiding or approaching eyes”? Introversion/extraversion affects the gaze-cueing effect

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Ponari ◽  
Luigi Trojano ◽  
Dario Grossi ◽  
Massimiliano Conson
Keyword(s):  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Cueing Effect

scholarly journals The Gaze Cueing Effect and Its Enhancement by Facial Expressions Are Impacted by Task Demands: Direct Comparison of Target Localization and Discrimination Tasks

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zelin Chen ◽  
Sarah D. McCrackin ◽  
Alicia Morgan ◽  
Roxane J. Itier
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Target Localization ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Localization Task ◽  
Emotional Modulation ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Cueing Effect ◽  
Gaze Cues

The gaze cueing effect is characterized by faster attentional orienting to a gazed-at than a non-gazed-at target. This effect is often enhanced when the gazing face bears an emotional expression, though this finding is modulated by a number of factors. Here, we tested whether the type of task performed might be one such modulating factor. Target localization and target discrimination tasks are the two most commonly used gaze cueing tasks, and they arguably differ in cognitive resources, which could impact how emotional expression and gaze cues are integrated to orient attention. In a within-subjects design, participants performed both target localization and discrimination gaze cueing tasks with neutral, happy, and fearful faces. The gaze cueing effect for neutral faces was greatly reduced in the discrimination task relative to the localization task, and the emotional enhancement of the gaze cueing effect was only present in the localization task and only when this task was performed first. These results suggest that cognitive resources are needed for gaze cueing and for the integration of emotional expressions and gaze cues. We propose that a shift toward local processing may be the mechanism by which the discrimination task interferes with the emotional modulation of gaze cueing. The results support the idea that gaze cueing can be greatly modulated by top-down influences and cognitive resources and thus taps into endogenous attention. Results are discussed within the context of the recently proposed EyeTune model of social attention.

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