scholarly journals Differential Benefits of Prospective Memory Reminders Depending on Cognitive Load

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Peper ◽  
Durna Alakbarova ◽  
Hunter Ball
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Past Research ◽  
High Load ◽  
Retrospective Memory ◽  
Ongoing Task ◽  
Target Information ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Load Conditions

Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember to complete a task at the appropriate moment in the future. Past research has found reminders can improve PM performance in both laboratory and naturalistic settings, but few projects have examined the circumstances when reminders are most beneficial. Three experiments in the present study tested the effect of reminders in an event-based PM task under different cognitive loads. In Experiments 1 (specific targets) and 2 (nonspecific targets), load was manipulated by having participants respond to a single (low load) or multiple (high load) targets. In Experiment 3, the association between pairs was manipulated by presenting strongly associated pairs (low load) or weakly associated pairs (high load). Half of the participants in each experiment received reminders whereby PM target information was placed at the top of the computer screen. Across all three experiments, it was found that the benefit of reminders was greater under high load than low load conditions. Importantly, the improvements in PM from reminders generally occurred without any additional cost to ongoing task performance and without any reduction of retrospective memory for the targets at the end of the experiment. Together these results suggest that reminders can be beneficial for reducing PM failures, particularly under high load, without the potential downside of increased effort expenditure.

Prospective Memory

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Prospective Memory Task ◽  
Retrospective Memory ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Intended Action ◽  
Event Based ◽  
New Framework

Prospective memory involves remembering to perform an action when there is a delay between forming the intention to act and the point at which the action can be carried out. The distinction between time- and event-based prospective memory, the typical laboratory paradigm, and the concept of cost as a measure of the extent to which attention is allocated to the prospective memory task at the expense of other activities are described. Two theories of prospective memory are compared. Also noted is that prospective memory involves retrospective memory processes, for remembering what the intended action is and remembering when the action is to be performed, and a prospective component for remembering that something is to be done. The new concept of metaintentions or metaintentional processes is introduced along with a new framework for organizing existing research and motivating future research. The literature is reviewed within the structure of this new framework.

Initial Results on a New Light-Duty 2.7L Opposed-Piston Gasoline Compression Ignition Multi-Cylinder Engine

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwin Salvi ◽  
Reed Hanson ◽  
Rodrigo Zermeno ◽  
Gerhard Regner ◽  
Mark Sellnau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Rise ◽  
High Load ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Residual Fraction ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Peak Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Load Conditions

Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) is a cost-effective approach to achieving diesel-like efficiencies with low emissions. Traditional challenges with GCI arise at low-load conditions due to low charge temperatures causing combustion instability and at high-load conditions due to peak cylinder pressure and noise limitations. The fundamental architecture of the two-stroke Achates Power Opposed-Piston Engine (OP Engine) enables GCI by decoupling piston motion from cylinder scavenging, allowing for flexible and independent control of cylinder residual fraction and temperature leading to improved low load combustion. In addition, the high peak cylinder pressure and noise challenges at high-load operation are mitigated by the lower BMEP operation and faster heat release for the same pressure rise rate of the OP Engine. These advantages further solidify the performance benefits of the OP Engine and demonstrate the near-term feasibility of advanced combustion technologies, enabled by the opposed-piston architecture. This paper presents initial results from a steady state testing on a brand new 2.7L OP GCI multi-cylinder engine. A part of the recipe for successful GCI operation calls for high compression ratio, leading to higher combustion stability at low-loads, higher efficiencies, and lower cycle HC+NOx emissions. In addition, initial results on catalyst light-off mode with GCI are also presented. The OP Engine’s architectural advantages enable faster and earlier catalyst light-off while producing low emissions, which further improves cycle emissions and fuel consumption over conventional engines.

Perceptual Load Improves the Expression but not Learning of Relevant Sequence Information

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natacha Deroost ◽  
Daphné Coomans ◽  
Eric Soetens
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Perceptual Load ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
High Load ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Perceptual Identification ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Load Conditions

In two experiments, we investigated the hypothesis of Rowland and Shanks (2006a) that sequence learning of relevant information is resistant to variations in perceptual load. Under conditions of increased selection difficulty, participants incidentally learned a sequence of targets presented together with three distractors. Target and distractors were composed of pairs of letters and shared more or less features with each other, rendering perceptual identification of the target either more (high load) or less (low load) attention demanding. The expression of sequence learning improved significantly under high load conditions as compared to low load conditions. This could indicate that the cognitive system promotes the development of response-based sequence learning in order to cope with the attentional demands arising from high perceptual load. However, the learning process proved to be unaffected by perceptual load when tested under baseline conditions without distractors (Experiment 1) or under opposite load conditions as during training (Experiment 2). This demonstrates that sequence learning is not influenced by increasing selection demands and suggests that sequence learning runs independently of input attention.

Clinical Measures of Prospective Memory in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinta Delprado ◽  
Glynda Kinsella ◽  
Ben Ong ◽  
Kerryn Pike ◽  
David Ames ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Retrospective Memory ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Discriminative Ability ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Complex Attention

AbstractRecent research has established that individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) have impaired prospective memory (PM); however, findings regarding differential deficits on time-based versus event-based PM have been less clear. Furthermore, the diagnostic utility of PM measures has received scant attention. Healthy older adults (n = 84) and individuals with aMCI (n = 84) were compared on the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT) and two single-trial event-based PM tasks. The aMCI participants showed global impairment on all PM measures. Measures of retrospective memory and complex attention predicted both time and event PM performance for the aMCI group. Each of the PM measures was useful for discriminating aMCI from healthy older adults and the time- and event-based scales of the CAMPROMPT were equivalent in their discriminative ability. Surprisingly, the brief PM tasks were as good as more comprehensive measures of PM (CAMPROMPT) at predicting aMCI. Results indicate that single-trial PM measures, easily integrated into clinical practice, may be useful screening tools for identifying aMCI. As PM requires retrospective memory skills along with complex attention and executive skills, the interaction between these skills may explain the global PM deficits in aMCI and the good discriminative ability of PM for diagnosing aMCI. (JINS, 2012, 18, 295–304)

scholarly journals Prospective memory mediated by interoceptive accuracy: a psychophysiological approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1708) ◽  
pp. 20160005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Umeda ◽  
Saiko Tochizawa ◽  
Midori Shibata ◽  
Yuri Terasawa
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Cardiac Reactivity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy ◽  
Event Based ◽  
The Relationship

Previous studies on prospective memory (PM), defined as memory for future intentions, suggest that psychological stress enhances successful PM retrieval. However, the mechanisms underlying this notion remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that PM retrieval is achieved through interaction with autonomic nervous activity, which is mediated by the individual accuracy of interoceptive awareness, as measured by the heartbeat detection task. In this study, the relationship between cardiac reactivity and retrieval of delayed intentions was evaluated using the event-based PM task. Participants were required to detect PM target letters while engaged in an ongoing 2-back working memory task. The results demonstrated that individuals with higher PM task performance had a greater increase in heart rate on PM target presentation. Also, higher interoceptive perceivers showed better PM task performance. This pattern was not observed for working memory task performance. These findings suggest that cardiac afferent signals enhance PM retrieval, which is mediated by individual levels of interoceptive accuracy. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.

Performance of a 650V SiC Diode with Reduced Chip Thickness

2012 ◽  
Vol 717-720 ◽  
pp. 921-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Rupp ◽  
Rolf Gerlach ◽  
Uwe Kirchner ◽  
Andreas Schlögl ◽  
Ronny Kern
Keyword(s):  
Chip Thickness ◽  
Differential Resistance ◽  
High Load ◽  
Performance Gain ◽  
Charge Reduction ◽  
Wafer Thickness ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Chip Size ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Load Conditions

A significant performance gain of 650V SiC diodes is possible by reducing the wafer thickness from the standard thickness of 350 µm to < 150 µm. Not only the differential resistance of the diodes but also the Rth benefit from this chip thickness reduction. As consequence a further chip size reduction with accompanying capacitive charge reduction leads to a device with improved efficiency in PFC applications under both high load and low load conditions.

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