scholarly journals Forward inference in risky choice: Mapping gaze and decision processes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schoemann ◽  
Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck ◽  
Frank Renkewitz ◽  
Stefan Scherbaum
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Risky Choice ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Decision Strategies ◽  
Overt Behavior ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
Reverse Inference

The study of cognitive processes is built on a close mapping between three components: overt gaze behavior - overt choice - covert processes. To validate this overt-covert mapping in the domain of decision making we collected eye-movement data during decisions between risky gamble problems. Applying a forward inference paradigm, participants were instructed to use specific decision strategies to solve those gamble problems (maximizing expected values or applying different choice heuristics) during which gaze behavior was recorded. We revealed differences between overt behavior, as indicated by eye movements, and covert decision processes, instructed by the experimenter. However, our results indicate that the overt-covert mapping is for some eye-movement measures not as close as expected by current decision theory, and hence question reverse inference as being prone to fallacies due to a violation of its prerequisite, that is, a close overt-covert mapping. We propose a framework to rehabilitate reverse inference.

scholarly journals Saliency-Based Gaze Visualization for Eye Movement Analysis

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5178
Author(s):  
Sangbong Yoo ◽  
Seongmin Jeong ◽  
Seokyeon Kim ◽  
Yun Jang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Saliency Map ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Visual Clues ◽  
Human Visual Attention

Gaze movement and visual stimuli have been utilized to analyze human visual attention intuitively. Gaze behavior studies mainly show statistical analyses of eye movements and human visual attention. During these analyses, eye movement data and the saliency map are presented to the analysts as separate views or merged views. However, the analysts become frustrated when they need to memorize all of the separate views or when the eye movements obscure the saliency map in the merged views. Therefore, it is not easy to analyze how visual stimuli affect gaze movements since existing techniques focus excessively on the eye movement data. In this paper, we propose a novel visualization technique for analyzing gaze behavior using saliency features as visual clues to express the visual attention of an observer. The visual clues that represent visual attention are analyzed to reveal which saliency features are prominent for the visual stimulus analysis. We visualize the gaze data with the saliency features to interpret the visual attention. We analyze the gaze behavior with the proposed visualization to evaluate that our approach to embedding saliency features within the visualization supports us to understand the visual attention of an observer.

scholarly journals Changes in Lifeguards’ Hazard Detection and Eye Movements with Experience: Is One Season Enough?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Smith ◽  
Geoff Long ◽  
Peter Dawes ◽  
Oliver Runswick ◽  
Michael Tipton
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Skill Level ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Hazard Detection ◽  
Detection Capabilities ◽  
Experienced Personnel

Surveillance is key to the lifesaving capability of lifeguards. Experienced personnel consistently display enhanced hazard detection capabilities compared to less experienced counterparts. However, the mechanisms which underpin this effect and the time it takes to develop these skills are not understood. We hypothesized that, after one season of experience, the number of hazards detected by, and eye movements of, less experienced lifeguards (LEL) would more closely approximate experienced lifeguards (EL). The LEL watched ‘beach scene’ videos at the beginning and end of their first season. The number of hazards detected and eye-movement data were collected and compared to the EL group. The LEL perceived fewer hazards than EL and did not increase over the season. There was no difference in eye-movements between groups. Findings suggest one season is not enough for lifeguards to develop enhanced hazard detection skills and skill level differences are not underpinned by differences in gaze behavior.

scholarly journals A New Type of Eye Movement Model Based on Recurrent Neural Networks for Simulating the Gaze Behavior of Human Reading

Complexity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Wang ◽  
Xinbo Zhao ◽  
Jinchang Ren
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Conditional Random Fields ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Movement Model ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Movement Models ◽  
New Type

Traditional eye movement models are based on psychological assumptions and empirical data that are not able to simulate eye movement on previously unseen text data. To address this problem, a new type of eye movement model is presented and tested in this paper. In contrast to conventional psychology-based eye movement models, ours is based on a recurrent neural network (RNN) to generate a gaze point prediction sequence, by using the combination of convolutional neural networks (CNN), bidirectional long short-term memory networks (LSTM), and conditional random fields (CRF). The model uses the eye movement data of a reader reading some texts as training data to predict the eye movements of the same reader reading a previously unseen text. A theoretical analysis of the model is presented to show its excellent convergence performance. Experimental results are then presented to demonstrate that the proposed model can achieve similar prediction accuracy while requiring fewer features than current machine learning models.

scholarly journals Virtual Prospecting in Paleontology Using a Drone-Based Orthomosaic Map: An Eye Movement Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 753
Author(s):  
Tanya Beelders ◽  
Gavin Dollman
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Novices And Experts ◽  
Typical Satellite ◽  
A Site

Paleontological fieldwork is often a time-consuming process and resource intensive. With unexplored and remote areas, the satellite images, geology, and topography of an area are analyzed to help survey for a site. A drone-based orthomosaic map is suggested as an additional tool for virtual paleontology fossil prospecting. The use of an orthomosaic map was compared to the use of a typical satellite map when looking for fossil sites to prospect. Factors were chosen for their impact when prospecting for a fossil site and availability of data. Eye movement data were captured for a convenience sample of paleontologists from a local university. Each band within the satellite map measures 7741 × 7821 with a ground resolution of 30 m/pix, and the ground resolution of the orthomosaic map is 2.86 cm/pix with a resolution of 52,634 × 32,383. Experts displayed a gaze behavior suggestive of high analysis levels as well as being able to identify and analyze features rapidly—this is illustrated through the presence of both longer and shorter fixations. However, experts appeared to look at both maps in more detail than novices. The orthomosaic map was very successful at both attracting and keeping the attention of the map reader on certain features. It was concluded that an orthomosaic-based drone map used in conjunction with a satellite map is a useful tool for high spatial density virtual prospecting for novices and experts.

Age Differences in Eye Movements During Reading: Degenerative Problems or Compensatory Strategy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
José David Moreno ◽  
José A. León ◽  
Lorena A. M. Arnal ◽  
Juan Botella
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Abstract. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 22 experiments comparing the eye movement data obtained from young ( Mage = 21 years) and old ( Mage = 73 years) readers. The data included six eye movement measures (mean gaze duration, mean fixation duration, total sentence reading time, mean number of fixations, mean number of regressions, and mean length of progressive saccade eye movements). Estimates were obtained of the typified mean difference, d, between the age groups in all six measures. The results showed positive combined effect size estimates in favor of the young adult group (between 0.54 and 3.66 in all measures), although the difference for the mean number of fixations was not significant. Young adults make in a systematic way, shorter gazes, fewer regressions, and shorter saccadic movements during reading than older adults, and they also read faster. The meta-analysis results confirm statistically the most common patterns observed in previous research; therefore, eye movements seem to be a useful tool to measure behavioral changes due to the aging process. Moreover, these results do not allow us to discard either of the two main hypotheses assessed for explaining the observed aging effects, namely neural degenerative problems and the adoption of compensatory strategies.

Do Successor Effects in Reading Reflect Parafoveal Processing? Evidence From Corpus-Based and Experimental Eye Movement Data

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Angele ◽  
Elizabeth R. Schotter ◽  
Timothy Slattery ◽  
Tara L. Chaloukian ◽  
Klinton Bicknell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Parafoveal Processing ◽  
Movement Data

Challenges in Interpretability of Neural Networks for Eye Movement Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayush Kumar ◽  
Prantik Howlader ◽  
Rafael Garcia ◽  
Daniel Weiskopf ◽  
Klaus Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Data

scholarly journals Effects of age on memory for pragmatic implications in advertising

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 183449092110004
Author(s):  
Jing Yu ◽  
Xue-Rui Peng ◽  
Ming Yan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Time Processing ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Advertising Content ◽  
Inferential Processing ◽  
Tracking Technology

People employ automatic inferential processing when confronting pragmatically implied claims in advertising. However, whether comprehension and memorization of pragmatic implications differ between young and older adults is unclear. In the present study, we used eye-tracking technology to investigate online cognitive processes during reading of misleading advertisements. We found an interaction between age and advertising content, manifested as our older participants generated higher misleading rates in health-related than in health-irrelevant products, whereas this content-bias did not appear in their younger counterparts. Eye movement data further showed that the older adults spent more time processing critical claims for the health-related products than for the health-irrelevant products. Moreover, the correlations between fixation duration on pragmatic implications and misleading rates showed opposite trends in the two groups. The eye-tracking evidence novelly suggests that young and older adults may adopt different information processing strategies to comprehend pragmatic implications in advertising: More reading possibly enhances young adults’ gist memory whereas it facilitates older adults’ verbatim memory instead.

The “Orienting Reflex” as an Input Indicator in “Subliminal” Perception

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
Phillip Kleespies ◽  
Morton Wiener
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Exposure Duration ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Orienting Reflex ◽  
Subliminal Perception ◽  
Thematic Content ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Input Indicator

This study explored (1) for evidence of visual input at so-called “subliminal” exposure durations, and (2) whether the response, if any, was a function of the thematic content of the stimulus. Thematic content (threatening versus non-threatening) and stimulus structure (angular versus curved) were varied independently under “subliminal,” “part-cue,” and “identification” exposure conditions. With Ss' reports and the frequency and latency of first eye movements (“orienting reflex”) as input indicators, there was no evidence of input differences which are a function of thematic content at any exposure duration, and the “report” data were consistent with the eye-movement data.

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