scholarly journals Neuroanatomical correlates of impulsive traits in children aged 9 to 10

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Michael Owens ◽  
Courtland Hyatt ◽  
Joshua Gray ◽  
Josh Miller ◽  
Donald Lynam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Negative Urgency ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
White Matter Tractography ◽  
Critical Regions

Background: Impulsivity refers to a set of traits that are generally negatively related to critical domains of adaptive functioning and are core features of numerous psychiatric disorders. Methods: The current study examined the gray and white matter correlates of five impulsive traits measured using an abbreviated version of the UPPS-P impulsivity scale in children aged 9 to 10 (N = 11,052) from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Linear mixed effect models and elastic net regression were used to examine features of regional gray matter and white matter tractography most associated with each UPPS-P scale; intraclass correlations were computed to examine the similarity of the neuroanatomical correlates among the scales. Results: Positive Urgency showed the most robust association with neuroanatomy, with similar but less robust associations found for Negative Urgency. Perseverance showed little association with neuroanatomy. Premeditation and Sensation Seeking showed intermediate associations with neuroanatomy. Critical regions across measures include the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, lateral temporal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex; critical tracts included the superior longitudinal fasciculus and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. Negative Urgency and Positive Urgency showed the greatest neuroanatomical similarity. Conclusions: Some UPPS-P traits share neuroanatomical correlates, while others have distinct correlates or essentially no relation to neuroanatomy. UPPS-P traits tended to account for relatively little variance in neuroanatomy (i.e., model R2 < 1%) and effects were spread throughout the brain, highlighting the importance of well powered samples.

scholarly journals Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is associated with cardiovascular mortality and vascular brain lesions in patients with atrial fibrillation

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Luciani ◽  
D Mueller ◽  
C Vanetta ◽  
T Diteepeng ◽  
A Von Eckardstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Cystatin C ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
White Matter Lesions ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Mixed Effect Models

Abstract Introduction Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is a well characterized pro-atherogenic metabolite derived from the microbial processing of phosphatidylcholine and carnitine (usually present in red meat) and subsequent hepatic oxydation, which promotes endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation and thrombosis initiation. Its role concerning cerebral and cardiovascular adverse events has been assessed in various patient subpopulations but not for long term in patients with atrial fibrillation. Methods Baseline TMAO plasma levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in plasmas of 2,379 subjects from our multicentric study. Among them, 1,722 participants at time of recruitment underwent brain MRI. Participants were stratified into TMAO tertiles and Cox PH models, linear mixed effect models or logistic mixed effect models were employed adjusting for several risk factors (age, sex, BMI, active and past smoke habit, cystatin c levels, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease and history of TIA/stroke). Subjects were prospectively followed with a median observation time of 4 years. Results Subjects in the highest tertile of TMAO were older (75.4 vs. 70.6 years in low tertile p<0.001) and had significantly more often comorbidities, (26.9% of subjects were diabetic vs. 9.1% in low tertile p<0.001), with higher BMI (28.1 vs 27.0, p<0.001) and worse renal function as assessed by serum cystatin C (1.46 vs 1.07, mg/dl; p<0.001). Heart failure was present in 37.9% participants in the upper compared to 15.8% in the lower tertile. (p<0.001). As shown in Figure 1, Kaplan Meier estimates showed increased cardiovascular mortality with increasing TMAO tertiles (p<0.0001). After adjustment for the abovementioned factors the upper tertile (T3) had an increased hazard ratio (HR) compared to the lowest one (HR 2.36 95% CI 1.56–3.58 p<0.01). Similar trends for global and ischemic stroke occurrences were not found although TMAO levels positively weakly correlated with NIHSS severity (Spearman's coefficient 0.31 p=0.02). Concerning brain MRI findings, TMAO tertiles identified individuals with different prevalence of small non-cortical infarcts (30.5%, 18.1% and 17.4% in high, middle and low tertiles respectively; p<0.001) and when present, larger white matter lesions volumes (5061 mm3, 4158 mm3 and 2970 mm3; p<0.001). After adjustment, the association with small non-cortical infarcts with TMAO levels remained significant in the highest tertile (T3) (OR 1.48 95% CI 1.07–2.05; p=0.02) and a trend towards larger white matter lesions volumes was observed (estimate 1307 95% CI −90–2705; p=0.07). Conclusions TMAO represents a robust prognostic independent biomarker identifying multimorbid, high risk patients for cardiovascular mortality and brain damage. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and Theodor und Ida Herzog-Egli Foundation Figure 1. CV mortality according to TMAO Figure 2. Brain lesions assessment

scholarly journals Anxiety-impulsivity subtypes in adolescent internalizing disorder are characterized by distinguishable neurodevelopmental, neurocognitive and clinical trajectory signatures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaxin Fan ◽  
Nanyu Kuang ◽  
Xinran Wu ◽  
Gechang Yu ◽  
Tianye Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Internalizing Disorders ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Delay ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Cortical Regions

Background Anxiety and impulsivity represent transdiagnostic pathology dimensions yet their interaction and contribution to emotional disorders in adolescence and to disease development remain controversial, and previous studies indicate heterogeneity within the broad category of internalizing disorders. Methods A combination of hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering strategies was employed to determine impulsivity-related subtypes (based on the facets of negative urgency, lack of planning, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking and positive urgency in UPPS-P scales) in a large cohort of adolescents with internalizing disorders (n=2437) from Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Linear mixed-effect models were employed to determine cortical thickness alterations of the subtypes. Results Data-driven clustering identified two distinct subtypes of internalizing patients (subtype 1/subtype 2) with comparable levels of increased anxiety yet distinguishable levels of impulsivity, i.e., enhanced (subtype 1) or decreased (subtype 2) compared to healthy controls. Subtype 1 was further characterized by thicker prefrontal and temporal cortical regions involved in regulatory control and fear processing, while subtype 2 did not demonstrate significant thickness alterations. The differential neuroanatomical profiles remained stable over the two-year follow-up, while the two subtypes had different neurodevelopmental trajectories. Subtype 1 additionally reported more psychopathology and dysfunctionality including higher suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms and transition rates to externalizing disorders during follow-up as well as impaired neurocognitive and educational performance compared to subtype 2. Moreover, for subtype 1, anxiety at baseline (9-10 years) was significantly positively associated with impulsivity (lack of perseverance) at 2-year follow-up, while in subtype 2, baseline anxiety was significantly negatively associated with impulsivity (sensation seeking) at 2-year follow-up. Conclusions Our results demonstrate an impulsivity-dependent heterogeneity in adolescent internalizing disorders, with high-impulsivity patients being characterized by neurodevelopmental delay at the neural and cognitive levels. Individuals with elevated impulsivity are at a greater risk to develop behavioral dysregulation over the following two years and may thus require specific early interventions.

scholarly journals Visual information routes in the posterior dorsal and ventral face network studied with intracranial neurophysiology, and white matter tract endpoints

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Babo-Rebelo ◽  
A Puce ◽  
D Bullock ◽  
L Hugueville ◽  
F Pestilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Superior Temporal Cortex ◽  
White Matter Tractography

ABSTRACTOccipito-temporal regions within the face network process perceptual and socio-emotional information, but the dynamics and interactions between different nodes within this network remain unknown. Here, we analyzed intracerebral EEG from 11 epileptic patients viewing a stimulus sequence beginning with a neutral face with direct gaze. The gaze could avert or remain direct, while the emotion changed to fearful or happy. N200 field potential peak latencies indicated that face processing begins in inferior occipital cortex and proceeds anteroventrally to fusiform and inferior temporal cortices, in parallel. The superior temporal sulcus responded preferentially to gaze changes with augmented field potential amplitudes for averted versus direct gaze, and large effect sizes relative to other regions of the network. An overlap analysis of posterior white matter tractography endpoints (from 1066 healthy brains) relative to active intracerebral electrodes from the 11 patients showed likely involvement of both dorsal and ventral posterior white matter pathways. The inferior occipital and temporal sulci likely broadcast their information - the former dorsally to intraparietal sulcus, and the latter between fusiform and superior temporal cortex. Overall, our data call for inclusion of inferior temporal cortex in face processing models, and anchor the superior temporal cortex in dynamic gaze processing.

scholarly journals The Longitudinal Assessment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s disease and their Association with White Matter Hyperintensities in the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center’s Uniform Data Set

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra J. Anor ◽  
Mahsa Dadar ◽  
D. Louis Collins ◽  
M. Carmela Tartaglia
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
White Matter Hyperintensities ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Severity Scores ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTIntroductionNeuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common in all dementias, including those with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). NPS contribute to patients’ distress, caregiver burden, and can lead to institutionalization. White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are a common finding on MRI usually indicative of cerebrovascular disease and have been associated with certain NPS. The aim of this study was two-fold. Firstly, we assessed the relationship between WMH load and NPS severity in MCI due to AD (MCI-AD) and AD. Secondly, we assessed the ability of WMH to predict the development and progression of NPS in these participants. Data was obtained from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center.MethodsWMH were obtained from baseline MRIs and quantified using an automated segmentation technique. NPS were measured using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Mixed effect models and correlations were used to determine the relationship between WMH load and NPS severity scores.ResultsCross-sectional analysis showed no significant association between NPS and WMH at baseline. Longitudinal mixed effect models, however, revealed a significant relationship between increase in NPI total scores and baseline WMH load (p=0.014). There was also a significant relationship between increase in irritability severity scores over time and baseline WMH load (p= 0.009). Trends were observed for a relationship between increase in agitation severity scores and baseline WMH load (p=0.058). No other NPS severity scores were significantly associated with baseline WMH load. The correlation plot analysis showed that baseline whole brain WMH predicted change in future NPI total scores (r=0.169, p=0.008). Baseline whole brain WMH also predicted change in future agitation severity scores (r= 0.165, p= 0.009). The temporal lobe WMH (r=0.169, p=0.008) and frontal lobe WMH (r=0.153, p=0.016) contributed most to this this change.ConclusionIrritability and agitation are common NPS and very distressful to patients and caregivers. Our findings of an increase in irritability severity over time as well as higher agitation severity scores at follow-up in participants with MCI-AD and AD with increased WMH loads have important implications for treatment, arguing for aggressive treatment of vascular risk factors in patients with MCI-AD and AD.

Impulsivity and Aggression: A Meta-analysis Using the UPPS Model of Impulsivity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konrad Bresin
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Negative Urgency ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Trait Impulsivity

Trait impulsivity has long been proposed to play a role in aggression, but the results across studies have been mixed. One possible explanation for the mixed results is that impulsivity is a multifaceted construct and some, but not all, facets are related to aggression. The goal of the current meta-analysis was to determine the relation between the different facets of impulsivity (i.e., negative urgency, positive urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, and sensation seeking) and aggression. The results from 93 papers with 105 unique samples (N = 36, 215) showed significant and small-to-medium correlations between each facet of impulsivity and aggression across several different forms of aggression, with more impulsivity being associated with more aggression. Moreover, negative urgency (r = .24, 95% [.18, .29]), positive urgency (r = .34, 95% [.19, .44]), and lack of premeditation (r = .23, 95% [.20, .26]) had significantly stronger associations with aggression than the other scales (rs < .18). Two-stage meta-analytic structural equation modeling showed that these effects were not due to overlap among facets of impulsivity. These results help advance the field of aggression research by clarifying the role of impulsivity and may be of interest to researchers and practitioners in several disciplines.

scholarly journals A hierarchical bivariate meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy to provide direct comparisons of immunoassays vs. indirect immunofluorescence for initial screening of connective tissue diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Elaine Orme ◽  
Carmen Andalucia ◽  
Sigrid Sjölander ◽  
Xavier Bossuyt
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Indirect Immunofluorescence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Connective Tissue Diseases ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Initial Screening ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Mixed Effect Models

AbstractObjectivesTo compare indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) against immunoassays (IAs) as an initial screening test for connective tissue diseases (CTDs).MethodsA systematic literature review identified cross-sectional or case-control studies reporting test accuracy data for IIF and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), fluorescence enzyme immunoassay (FEIA), chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) or multiplex immunoassay (MIA). The meta-analysis used hierarchical, bivariate, mixed-effect models with random-effects by test.ResultsDirect comparisons of IIF with ELISA showed that both tests had good sensitivity (five studies, 2321 patients: ELISA: 90.3% [95% confidence interval (CI): 80.5%, 95.5%] vs. IIF at a cut-off of 1:80: 86.8% [95% CI: 81.8%, 90.6%]; p = 0.4) but low specificity, with considerable variance across assays (ELISA: 56.9% [95% CI: 40.9%, 71.5%] vs. IIF 1:80: 68.0% [95% CI: 39.5%, 87.4%]; p = 0.5). FEIA sensitivity was lower than IIF sensitivity (1:80: p = 0.005; 1:160: p = 0.051); however, FEIA specificity was higher (seven studies, n = 12,311, FEIA 93.6% [95% CI: 89.9%, 96.0%] vs. IIF 1:80 72.4% [95% CI: 62.2%, 80.7%]; p < 0.001; seven studies, n = 3251, FEIA 93.5% [95% CI: 91.1%, 95.3%] vs. IIF 1:160 81.1% [95% CI: 73.4%, 86.9%]; p < 0.0001). CLIA sensitivity was similar to IIF (1:80) with higher specificity (four studies, n = 1981: sensitivity 85.9% [95% CI: 64.7%, 95.3%]; p = 0.86; specificity 86.1% [95% CI: 78.3%, 91.4%]). More data are needed to make firm inferences for CLIA vs. IIF given the wide prediction region. There were too few studies for the meta-analysis of MIA vs. IIF (MIA sensitivity range 73.7%–86%; specificity 53%–91%).ConclusionsFEIA and CLIA have good specificity compared to IIF. A positive FEIA or CLIA test is useful to support the diagnosis of a CTD. A negative IIF test is useful to exclude a CTD.

Emerging Adult Report of Childhood Maltreatment and Related Facets of Impulsivity

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199795
Author(s):  
Mary Moussa Rogers ◽  
Erica Szkody ◽  
Cliff McKinney
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Negative Urgency ◽  
Child Gender ◽  
Emotional Maltreatment ◽  
Gender Dyads ◽  
Physical Maltreatment

Childhood maltreatment is related to a host of outcomes, many of which may be partially explained by the transdiagnostic factor of impulsivity. The research linking maltreatment to impulsivity is well supported. However, research differentiating between emotional and physical maltreatment and impulsivity is lacking, particularly with regard to facets of trait impulsivity. Thus, the current study examined the links between childhood emotional and physical maltreatment and current impulsivity traits of positive and negative urgency, lack of perseverance, lack of premeditation, and sensation seeking in emerging adults. Furthermore, effects of maltreatment are known to differ by the gender of the parent and the gender of the child. Thus, differences between parent-emerging adult child gender dyads were also examined. Results suggested both physical and emotional maltreatment were associated with negative urgency across the parent–child gender dyads. Emotional maltreatment and physical maltreatment differed in relation to impulsivity facet across parent and child gender. Results contribute to a knowledge base to use in future exploration of emotional and physical maltreatment outcomes and targets of intervention.

scholarly journals Neurophysiological and behavioural effects of conventional and high definition tDCS

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Masina ◽  
Giorgio Arcara ◽  
Eleonora Galletti ◽  
Isabella Cinque ◽  
Luciano Gamberini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Power Reduction ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
State Dependency ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Neurophysiological Data ◽  
Spectrum Density

AbstractHigh-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) seems to overcome a drawback of traditional bipolar tDCS: the wide-spread diffusion of the electric field. Nevertheless, most of the differences that characterise the two techniques are based on mathematical simulations and not on real, behavioural and neurophysiological, data. The study aims to compare a widespread tDCS montage (i.e., a Conventional bipolar montage with extracephalic return electrode) and HD-tDCS, investigating differences both at a behavioural level, in terms of dexterity performance, and a neurophysiological level, as modifications of alpha and beta power as measured with EEG. Thirty participants took part in three sessions, one for each montage: Conventional tDCS, HD-tDCS, and sham. In all the conditions, the anode was placed over C4, while the cathode/s placed according to the montage. At baseline, during, and after each stimulation condition, dexterity was assessed with a Finger Tapping Task. In addition, resting-state EEG was recorded at baseline and after the stimulation. Power spectrum density was calculated, selecting two frequency bands: alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (18–22 Hz). Linear mixed effect models (LMMs) were used to analyse the modulation induced by tDCS. To evaluate differences among the montages and consider state-dependency phenomenon, the post-stimulation measurements were covariate-adjusted for baseline levels. We observed that HD-tDCS induced an alpha power reduction in participants with lower alpha at baseline. Conversely, Conventional tDCS induced a beta power reduction in participants with higher beta at baseline. Furthermore, data showed a trend towards a behavioural effect of HD-tDCS in participants with lower beta at baseline showing faster response times. Conventional and HD-tDCS distinctively modulated cortical activity. The study highlights the importance of considering state-dependency to determine the effects of tDCS on individuals.

scholarly journals Recombining Your Way Out of Trouble: The Genetic Architecture of Hybrid Fitness under Environmental Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zebin Zhang ◽  
Devin P Bendixsen ◽  
Thijs Janzen ◽  
Arne W Nolte ◽  
Duncan Greig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Genetic Trait ◽  
Hybrid Fitness ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Hybrid Genome ◽  
Chromosome Associations ◽  
Low Coverage ◽  
Negative Epistasis

Abstract Hybridization between species can either promote or impede adaptation. But we know very little about the genetic basis of hybrid fitness, especially in nondomesticated organisms, and when populations are facing environmental stress. We made genetically variable F2 hybrid populations from two divergent Saccharomyces yeast species. We exposed populations to ten toxins and sequenced the most resilient hybrids on low coverage using ddRADseq to investigate four aspects of their genomes: 1) hybridity, 2) interspecific heterozygosity, 3) epistasis (positive or negative associations between nonhomologous chromosomes), and 4) ploidy. We used linear mixed-effect models and simulations to measure to which extent hybrid genome composition was contingent on the environment. Genomes grown in different environments varied in every aspect of hybridness measured, revealing strong genotype–environment interactions. We also found selection against heterozygosity or directional selection for one of the parental alleles, with larger fitness of genomes carrying more homozygous allelic combinations in an otherwise hybrid genomic background. In addition, individual chromosomes and chromosomal interactions showed significant species biases and pervasive aneuploidies. Against our expectations, we observed multiple beneficial, opposite-species chromosome associations, confirmed by epistasis- and selection-free computer simulations, which is surprising given the large divergence of parental genomes (∼15%). Together, these results suggest that successful, stress-resilient hybrid genomes can be assembled from the best features of both parents without paying high costs of negative epistasis. This illustrates the importance of measuring genetic trait architecture in an environmental context when determining the evolutionary potential of genetically diverse hybrid populations.

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