Parents’ and Children’s (6–12 Years Old) Physical Activity Association: A Systematic Review from 2001 to 2020

Worldwide, studies reveal that a significant proportion of adults and children do not meet the recommended guidelines for physical activity (PA). Therefore, it is crucial that proxy determinants for child physical activity enhancement could be identified. Parents have been considered to have a key role in child adherence to physical activity. Thus, this systematic review aimed to identify association between parents’ and children’s PA. The search of scientific papers was conducted from 31 October 2020 until 31 January 2021, on the Web of Science, Scopus, Psycinfo, SportDiscus, and Pubmed databases. The PRISMA protocol was used. Findings indicate a consistent association between parents’ and children’s (6–12 years old) PA. Despite the imbalance of the number of assessed fathers and mothers with the latter clearly overrepresented, a trend towards the same gender dyads on PA significant and positive association (father/son, mother/daughter) was evidenced. Results support the relevant importance of parents’ PA as role modeling (either explicitly or implicitly) for children’s PA. Besides, results revealed the importance of promoting PA in family for the enhancement of children’s PA. Moreover, and given the positive impact of exerting PA with the children on children’s PA, parents should spend more time practicing PA with their children, especially on MVPA and meeting the recommended guidelines for PA. Future studies should highlight the role of mediator variables on this interaction process, extending the knowledge on the contribution of other factors to the requested enhancement of children adherence to PA practice.

Emerging Adult Report of Childhood Maltreatment and Related Facets of Impulsivity

Childhood maltreatment is related to a host of outcomes, many of which may be partially explained by the transdiagnostic factor of impulsivity. The research linking maltreatment to impulsivity is well supported. However, research differentiating between emotional and physical maltreatment and impulsivity is lacking, particularly with regard to facets of trait impulsivity. Thus, the current study examined the links between childhood emotional and physical maltreatment and current impulsivity traits of positive and negative urgency, lack of perseverance, lack of premeditation, and sensation seeking in emerging adults. Furthermore, effects of maltreatment are known to differ by the gender of the parent and the gender of the child. Thus, differences between parent-emerging adult child gender dyads were also examined. Results suggested both physical and emotional maltreatment were associated with negative urgency across the parent–child gender dyads. Emotional maltreatment and physical maltreatment differed in relation to impulsivity facet across parent and child gender. Results contribute to a knowledge base to use in future exploration of emotional and physical maltreatment outcomes and targets of intervention.

Sex Differences in the Romantic Relationships of Same-Gender Couples: The Role of Visibility Management

Although internalized homonegativity (IH) in lesbian, gay, or bisexual people (LGBs) predicts adverse relationship satisfaction, this association has typically only been examined on an individual level. Moreover, studies often ignore potential mechanisms that underlie sex differences. One of these mechanisms is related to visibility management (i.e., the careful, planned decisions about whether or not to disclose one’s sexual orientation). Therefore, in this study we investigate dyadic sex-specific associations between IH, visibility management, and relationship satisfaction. Our sample includes 254 LGB couples (139 female and 115 male same-gender dyads) in Flanders, Belgium. Data were analyzed with the Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model (APIMeM). Results indicated that there were small to medium significant correlations among IH, visibility management, and relationship satisfaction. We also found support for mediated actor effects: individuals low in IH maintain less restrictive visibility management strategies. These in turn lead to higher relationship satisfaction, but only in female same-gender couples. Our findings contribute to the understanding of mechanisms that underlie the harmful effects of sexual minority stressors for same-gender relationship satisfaction.

Abstract 13276: Dyad Gender and Relationship Quality Are Related to Heart Failure Self-care Maintenance

Background: Self-care, a process of health maintenance, monitoring and symptom management, improves morbidity and mortality in adults with HF. Caregivers are important in promoting patient self-care but little is known about the effect of relationship quality (RQ) on HF patient self-care, especially in same and mixed gender dyads. Aim: Quantify the contribution of dyadic gender and RQ on HF patient self-care maintenance. Methods: Secondary analysis of baseline data from a study of Italian adults with HF and their caregivers ( n =503). Dyads were enrolled to assess effectiveness of motivational interviewing on HF self-care maintenance measured with the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index v.6.2, validated in an Italian population. RQ was assessed with the Mutuality Scale, validated for HF patients and caregivers. Dyadic gender was categorized as Male-Male (M-M), Female-Male (Fpt-Mcg), Female-Female (F-F), and Male-Female (Mpt-Fcg; reference group). Univariate linear regression with backward elimination ( p <.05) was used to identify determinants of HF patient self-care maintenance. Results: The sample was 48% Mpt-Fcg, 27% F-F, 15% Fpt-Mcg, 10% M-M. Mpt-Fcg dyad patients were married (86%); with older (59±15 years), less educated (46% secondary or lower) spousal caregivers (66%). More F-F vs M-M patients lived alone (32% vs 4%). Determinants of better patient self-care were: living alone, receiving assistance for HF, better mental quality of life, patient and caregiver employment, caregiver married status, higher caregiver perceived social support, and more months caring for the patient. Dyad gender, RQ, and these covariates explained 23% of variance in patient self-care maintenance. Dyad gender independently contributed to self-care, but only for same gender dyads. Being in a M-M dyad was associated with higher patient self-care (ß=.52, p <.026). Better caregiver perception of RQ in both M-M and F-F dyads was associated with lower patient self-care (M-M: ß=-.97, p <.001; F-F: ß=-.55, p <.026). There were no significant interactions for patient RQ or mixed gender dyads. Conclusion: Dyadic relationship quality appears to be important for self-care, particularly in M-M dyads and should to be considered when working with HF patients and their caregivers.

The Influence of Gender on Perceptions of Culpability and Victim Status in Statutory Rape Offenses Involving Teachers

Perceptions of child sexual abuse and statutory rape vary based on the gender of the victim, the perpetrator, and the combination of both. We extend existing research to examine attributions of responsibility and punitive preferences for student victims in student–teacher sexual relationships contingent on the gender dyad of the student and teacher and the interaction between the gender dyad and respondent gender. Participants ( N = 648) were randomly assigned to vignettes wherein the gender of the student and teacher were manipulated (female teacher/male student; female teacher/female student; male teacher/female student; male teacher/male student). Overall, respondents were “pro-victim,” though results indicate significant differences in respondent gender and how the gender dyads were perceived. Students in the male same-sex dyads were attributed less responsibility than other students. Furthermore, men were less likely to perceive the student as a victim, and women were more likely to indicate the student should be punished.

Team Combat Identification: Effects of Gender, Spatial Visualization, and Disagreement

Objective The combat identification (CID) abilities of same-gender and mixed-gender dyads were experimentally assessed, along with measures of spatial skills and team communication. Background CID is a high-stakes decision-making task involving discrimination between friendly and enemy forces. Literature on CID is primarily focused on the individual, but the extensive use of teams in the military means that more team-based research is needed in this area. Method After a set of training sessions, 39 dyads were tasked with identifying 10 armored vehicles in a series of pictures and videos. Team communication was recorded, transcribed, and coded for instances of disagreements. Results Analyses indicated that males scored higher on a spatial visualization measure than did females. M-M teams performed significantly better than M-F teams on the CID task, but when spatial ability and team disagreements were added as predictors, the effect of team gender composition became nonsignificant. Spatial ability and team disagreement were significant predictors of team CID performance. Conclusion Results suggest that spatial skills and team disagreement behaviors are more important for team CID performance than a team’s gender composition. To our knowledge, this is the first lab study of team CID. Application This research highlights the importance of understanding both individual differences (e.g., spatial skills) and team processes (e.g., communication) within CID training environments in the military context.

Rethinking leisure time use metrics: Greater diversity in shared sibling leisure is associated with higher relationship quality during emerging adulthood

Leisure diversity—the total number of unique leisure categories shared within a sibling dyad—may vary according to sibling characteristics (e.g., sibling gender, age difference) and predict sibling relationship quality. Using triangulated lists, brief narratives, and focus groups, we constructed a taxonomy of shared sibling leisure in emerging adulthood and then calculated individual leisure diversity scores. The sample ( N = 185) included college-attending emerging adults with an average age of 20.1 years (35.7% female). Taxonomic analysis suggested 19 categories of shared sibling leisure. Analyses of variance indicated differences by dyadic gender composition in endorsement rates of select leisure categories and average levels of leisure diversity (lowest for mixed-gender dyads). Greater shared leisure diversity was associated with higher levels of affective (sister–sister dyads) and cognitive relationship quality (sister–sister and mixed-gender dyads). The association of leisure diversity with sibling relationship quality was strongest for sister–sister dyads and not significant for brother–brother dyads. Sibling dyads that include a sister are more likely to be impacted by the level of shared leisure diversity. The results of this study introduce leisure diversity as a metric for quantifying sibling leisure and support its potential as a means for understanding and impacting sibling relationship quality in emerging adulthood.

Parent and Child Depression: Moderated Mediation by Gender and Harsh Parenting in Emerging Adults

Parental depression has been associated with psychological problems in offspring. It was hypothesized that harsh parenting would mediate this relationship and that gender differences would suggest moderated mediation. Emerging adults ( N = 490) reported on their current perceptions of parental depression, harsh parenting, and their own psychological problems. The indirect effects of parental depression on emerging adult psychological problems in the context of parent–child gender dyads were examined. All variables shared positive free correlations across gender, whereas direct and indirect effects were influenced heavily by gender. Parental depression was directly related to male and female depression, and harsh parenting was only directly and indirectly related to female depression. Further research should focus on the complexity of harsh parenting and environmental predictors on child psychological problems. Addressing parental depression may indirectly and directly improve children’s internalizing and externalizing problems.